Philosophical statements. abstruse phrases

Ancient Greek philosophy can still teach us a lot today. The worldview of ancient philosophers is striking in its optimism, virtue and wisdom. Below in the quotes are 9 life principles that the most famous people professed ancient philosophers Ancient Greece.

1. Do everything with unconditional love.

A person should do what he loves. Only then will he succeed. Better to be a good carpenter than a bad banker. Sincere love for your work is a calling.

"Work done with pleasure leads to excellence"- Aristotle.

“It is better to do a small part of the job perfectly than to do ten times more badly”- Aristotle

"Never do what you don't know, but learn everything you need to know"- Pythagoras

"Each person is worth exactly as much as the value of the cause for which he bakes"- Epicurus.

"Where a man is resisting, there is his prison"- Epictetus.

1. Do not grumble, do not lose heart, do not live in the past.

The biggest obstacle for a person in this world is himself. Other obstacles and adverse circumstances are the reason for looking for new opportunities and unexpected ideas.

“A person who is dissatisfied with a little is not satisfied with anything”- Epicurus.

"Going to a foreign land, do not turn around"- Pythagoras.

"Live today, forget the past"- an ancient Greek proverb.

“Small opportunities are often the beginning of great enterprises”- Demosthenes.

"The great science of living happily is to live only in the present"- Pythagoras.

"The first and best victory is the victory over yourself"- Plato.

“In their disasters, people tend to blame fate, the gods, and everything else, but not themselves” - Plato.

1. Believe in yourself, listen to yourself and don't always take what others say for granted.

Nobody knows you better than you. In life, you will encounter many people who will share with you their ideas, opinions and visions of various situations. You will meet many people who will give you free advice on how you should manage your life. Listen without judgment, draw conclusions, but follow the dictates of your heart - ancient philosophers call in their aphorisms.

“Learn to listen and you can benefit even from those who speak badly of you”- Plutarch.

"Above all, don't lose your self-respect"- Pythagoras.

"Learn to be silent, let your cold mind listen and listen"- Pythagoras.

“Whatever they think of you, do what you think is fair. Be equally impartial to both blame and praise.”- Pythagoras.

"If you live in harmony with nature, you will never be poor, but if you live in harmony with people's opinion, you will never be rich"- Epicurus.

1. Don't lose faith.

Replace fears and bad feelings with faith and hope. Humility, love and faith can work wonders. Everything will happen at the right time and in the right place.

"Hope is a waking dream"- Aristotle.

“No fruit ripens suddenly, neither a bunch of grapes, nor the fruit of a fig tree. If you tell me that you want figs, I will tell you that time must pass. Let the tree bloom first, and then the fruits will ripen.- Epictetus.

1. Always strive to think and feel positive.

The ancient Greeks preached: "Think positively." If negative thoughts fill your head, wave goodbye to them and replace them with positive thoughts about beauty, happiness and love. Focus on the present, and on the things for which you are grateful to God. keep clear negative people around you and always surround yourself with happy and positive people.

“Fear and sadness, which have taken possession of a person for a long time, dispose to illnesses”- Hippocrates.

"The human brain contains the cause of many diseases"- Hippocrates.

"Happiness is up to us"- Aristotle.

“The brain is the place where pleasures, laughter and joys arise. From it come anguish, sorrow, and weeping.”- Hippocrates.

6. Improve yourself and discover new horizons.

"Explore everything, give reason first place"- Pythagoras.

“Work, good spirits and the aspiration of the mind to perfection, to knowledge lead to results that adorn life”- Hippocrates.

7. In a difficult situation, look for strength and courage within yourself.

"Courage is a virtue, by virtue of which people in danger do wonderful things"- Aristotle.

"Courage and fortitude are necessary for people not only against the weapons of enemies, but, equally, against any blows of fate"- Plutarch.

“You don’t develop the courage to be happy in a relationship every day. You will develop it in difficult times and through all sorts of hardships.- Epicurus.

"You will never do anything in this world without courage. This is the greatest quality of a person that should be honored"- Aristotle.

8. Forgive the mistakes of yourself and others.

Treat your mistakes positively as a learning experience that will help you eventually achieve your dreams. Failures and failures are inevitable.

"It's better to expose your own mistakes than someone else's"- Democritus.

“To live and not make a single mistake is not in the power of man, but it is good to learn wisdom from your mistakes in the future”- Plutarch.

“To be mistaken in nothing is the property of the gods, but not of man”- Demosthenes.

“Every business is improved by the mastery of technology. Every skill is gained by practice.”- Hippocrates.

9. Virtue and compassion.

The views of the ancient Greek philosophers have something in common with Christianity that arose later. It is no coincidence that medieval Christian theologians called Aristotle an elemental Christian, although he lived long before the birth of Jesus Christ.

"What is the sense of life? Serve others and do good"- Aristotle.

"Live with people so that your friends do not become enemies, and enemies become friends"- Pythagoras.

"Boys stone frogs for fun, but frogs die for real"- Plutarch.

“Immortality, alien to our nature, and power, which depends mostly on luck, we crave and covet, and moral perfection, the only divine blessing available to us, is put in last place”- Plutarch.

"Two things make a man godlike: life for the good of society and truthfulness"- Pythagoras.

« In order for the sun to rise, there is no need for prayers or spells, it suddenly begins to send its rays to the joy of everyone. So don’t expect applause, noise, or praise to do good, do good deeds voluntarily, and you will be loved like the sun.”- Epictetus.

"Life is short, but honest, always prefer a long life, but shameful"- Epictetus.

"Burning yourself, shine to others"- Hippocrates.

"By caring for the happiness of others, we find our own"- Plato.

“A person who has received a beneficence must remember this all his life, and a person who has rendered a beneficence must immediately forget about it”- Demosthenes.

The word philosophy comes from two Greek words: phileo - "love", and sophia - "wisdom". It is a form of knowledge of the world. Its main tasks have always included the study of the laws of the whole world and society, as a part of it, the process of cognition itself, as well as the comprehension of moral values, questions about life, freedom, love and other concepts that have puzzled more than one generation of people. Philosophical statements about life and its components have come down to us: love, justice, good and evil, freedom, religion of the brightest representatives of human society. In essence, philosophy is not so much a science, it is rather a worldview, how this or that person sees the world.

About philosophical statements

Almost every person is engaged in philosophy in life, setting himself questions and answering them to the best of his education, life experience, practical skills and other things. If experience and knowledge are not enough, then a person turns to the wisdom of people who have achieved certain achievements.

Such people are scientists, writers, prominent public figures with certain knowledge and experience. They leave behind a legacy in the form of works, recorded thoughts, works from which people have extracted the most valuable philosophical statements, which often become their mottos and guides to life.

A person striving for certain achievements is necessarily inquisitive, tries to develop, improve, knowing full well that experience and knowledge are worth a lot, they make a person wise.

Life is purpose and action

Every person thought about the meaning of life and how to live it. The writer J. London, known for his works full of fortitude, said that the destiny of a person is life, not existence. The concept of "life" includes not just living, providing basic needs, but also something else, without which a person will not be happy, satisfied with fate, satisfied with the life he has lived, will not find meaning in it.

To live, you need a goal - for the sake of what it is done. It is well known that life without a purpose is a waste of time. According to V. Belinsky, without a set goal there is no action, without interests there can be no goal, and without action there is no life itself.

Philosophical statements about the life of the ancient Greek thinker Aristotle contain such a rule that the good of a person to whom he aspires depends on the observance of two conditions: the right end goal of any activity and finding the right means that will lead him to this goal.

About the meaning of life

According to Freud, the question of the meaning of life has been raised by people countless times, but never a satisfactory answer has been given. This is partly because each person is different. He defines the meaning of life for himself. Therefore, many thinkers see it differently. Interestingly, for most people, the meaning is to achieve certain goals that everyone in life sets for himself. As the German philosopher W. Humboldt wrote, half of the success in achieving a goal is stubbornly striving for it.

Reading philosophical statements about the meaning of life, you understand that each of them is often the result of not only reflections, but also life experience. The German poet and philosopher F. Schiller wrote that a person grows as long as his goals grow. As soon as he comes to terms with the ordinary, is satisfied with the results achieved, his growth as a person stops. Simple dreams lead nowhere. Honore de Balzac noted that in order to achieve your goal, you must first go.

So the great Russian writer M. Gorky sees the meaning in life primarily in the beauty and strength of striving for goals, he notes that every moment of life should have its own goal. You need to go without stopping and not being distracted by obstacles and trifles. On this occasion, F. M. Dostoevsky wrote that if, going to the goal, you stop in order to throw stones at all the dogs barking at you, then you will never reach it.

Sayings about freedom

The most interesting and controversial are philosophical statements about freedom, because it is this important and complex concept that has worried thinkers and philosophers for many centuries. Freedom was and remains a mystery, since the concept carries the most unexpected content, which changes over time and depends on various factors. Hegel has such words about the idea of ​​freedom that it is indefinite, multifaceted, subject to great misunderstandings, which cannot be said about other philosophical concepts.

Philosophical statements are also different in this regard. Justinian, the Byzantine emperor, defined freedom from the point of view of a politician and ruler as the natural ability of a person to do whatever he wants, if it is not forbidden by force and right. The ancient Greek philosopher Democritus considered a free person who is not afraid of anyone and does not hope for anything. B. Shaw has a slightly different opinion. He presented freedom as a responsibility that everyone fears.

Philosophical concept of justice

In philosophy, it is customary to distinguish between two concepts of justice. The first is the justice of law, or, in other words, procedural justice. In this case, it is achieved through the correct functioning of the mechanism of the law. It is here that justice is a logical, one might say, mechanical assessment, according to the fixed provisions of the law. But is it always fair? In the second concept of justice, there is an appeal to higher values ​​that are not reflected in the law and are called the moral court.

It is this concept that introduces some confusion into the logic of the justice of the law, which is not always consistent with morality. This is evidenced by well-known philosophical statements of wise thinkers. Even Plato said that in many states it is believed that justice is what the ruling power needs, which is represented by people and is not always consistent with the highest values. Or justice is perceived as the decision of the majority, which, according to I. Schiller, cannot be its measure.

The law does not always correspond to divine concepts of justice. On this occasion, T. Jefferson said that when he thinks that the Lord is justice, he is seized by fear for his country.

Religion in human life and philosophy

The philosophy of religion, its significance in human life belongs to a number of important philosophical disciplines, it is often singled out as a separate part, as religious philosophy. It is aimed at the knowledge of religion. Its appearance is associated with religious and mythological culture, since a person explored not only external life, but also internal - spiritual.

The philosophical statements of most thinkers confirm this. As F. Bacon said, with a superficial study of philosophy, a person tends to deny God, with a deep study of it, the human mind turns to religion.

Nikolai Berdyaev argued that when science turns into philosophy, the latter turns into religion. Science cannot answer many questions of life, but religion answers all questions unambiguously.

About truth in human life

The philosophy of life is impossible without truth, which is rooted in antiquity. The goal of any knowledge is truth, but philosophy, in addition to this, explores it as a subject. What is truth? All famous philosophers have thought about such a concept as "truth". Plato believed that in the case when a person says something that corresponds to reality, this is the truth, otherwise he is lying. From the principle that is affirmed by thought, that is, in reality, the concept of philosophy was developed. I. Kant introduced into it the concept of "adequacy" - the agreement of thinking with itself. In other words, an adequate description of objective reality by a person can be considered truth.

Philosophers of love

Love was elevated by philosophers, writers, poets to an omnipotent force that moves and transforms the world. The philosophy of love leads thinkers to reflections, allowing them to comprehend the nature of feeling, to evaluate its role in the life of every person. Love personified the path to happiness. Philosophical statements about love reflect the depth of feelings full of passions. This was reflected in the words of G. Heine, who defined it as the most victorious and sublime passion, which, thanks to the all-conquering power, is contained in "... boundless generosity and supersensual unselfishness."

O. Balzac said that love lives only in the present. This is the only passion that does not want to recognize the past and the future. Moreover, it was considered happiness to experience this feeling personally, this is evidenced by numerous philosophical statements about love. A. Camus wrote that not being loved is a failure, and not experiencing love yourself is a disaster.

Great about the happiness of people

Along with love, which some people associate with the highest point of happiness, famous philosophers did not disregard the concept itself. A rather significant difficulty here is that each person understands happiness differently. Aristotle spoke about various perceptions of happiness, at the same time emphasizing that this concept represents well-being and good life. O. Splenger associated it with the kinship of souls and harmony. G. Andersen argued that only by benefiting the world, one can be happy.

Philosophers of Wealth

two poles in human life- wealth and poverty - did not go unnoticed by philosophers. This topic did not leave anyone indifferent. The question why some people can make money out of nothing, while others, working around the clock, do not have a penny, is relevant at all times. Comprehending the concept of wealth, thinkers made their own conclusions, their interesting philosophical statements suggest that the point here is not in higher justice, but in the person himself, in his attitude towards himself.

The ancient Greek philosopher Democritus wrote that greed for money is much harder than need, because from the growth of desires, there is also an increase in needs. The ancient Greek philosopher B. Bion wrote that the misers are so concerned about their wealth, as if it were their own, but they use it little, as if it were someone else's.

good and evil

The philosophy of life has always paid great attention to the problems of good and evil, trying to help humanity understand their essence and help find ways to achieve good and avoid evil. There were various philosophical schools and currents, which in their own way established the relationship between evil and good, sought and determined their own ways of asserting virtue and combating the generation of evil - vices. As with any subject of philosophical research, philosophers have a different attitude to this concept. This is evidenced by the philosophical statements of great people.

Good is always stronger than evil, and there is more of it. From the latter it is unbearably painful, and the good often goes unnoticed. As the Persian poet M. Saadi said, with the help of kindness and gentle words, you can lead an elephant by a thread. The great L. N. Tolstoy said that people are loved for their good and not loved for the evil that they have done. The question of how to distinguish good from evil is quite acute for people. On this occasion, M. Cicero wrote that the most disturbing fact in a person's life is ignorance of good and evil.

Philosophy, the mother of all sciences, helps a person answer many questions concerning various spheres of life, relations between society and people, and the knowledge of life moves humanity forward.

• Desire expresses the essence of man. Benedict Spinoza
• A person who has developed early cannot live exclusively family life nor abandon it in favor of the general interest. Herzen A.
• Man, in essence, is a wild, terrible animal. We know him only in a state of tameness called civilization, and therefore we are frightened by the occasional outbursts of his nature. Pierre Abelard
• A person absorbed in the thought of revenge does not allow his wounds to heal, which otherwise would have been healed and healed long ago. Francis Bacon
• Man, in addition to happiness, just as exactly and completely in the same amount, needs misfortune! Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
• Our duty is to hate the sin in the sinner, but to love the sinner himself because he is a man capable of good. Thomas Aquinas
• A wise man ought to choose the paths laid out the greatest people, and imitate the most worthy, so that if you do not compare with them in valor, then at least be filled with its spirit. Niccolo Machiavelli
• Of two people of the same strength, the one who is right is stronger. Pythagoras of Samos
• For three things I am grateful to fate: firstly, that I am a man, not an animal; secondly, that I am a man and not a woman; thirdly, that I am a Greek and not a barbarian. Thales
• For Love is a person's idea of ​​his need for a person to whom he is attracted. Thomas Hobbes
• The upbringing of a person in the spirit of morality consists precisely in the fact that actions that are useful to society become an instinctive need for him. Georgy Plekhanov
• Family love is the most common among people and the most durable, therefore, in the sense of influencing people's lives, the most important and most beneficial of all the good feelings of a person. Chernyshevsky N.G.
• Iron rusts without finding a use for itself, stagnant water rots or freezes in the cold, and the mind of a person, not finding a use for itself, withers. Leonardo da Vinci
• There is hardly anything more necessary for knowledge, for a quiet life and for the success of any business, than the ability of a person to control his thoughts. John Locke
• The voice of truth is not graceful, and graceful speech is deceitful. moral man not eloquent, but eloquent is a liar. Lao Tzu
• Every person who wants to rise to the knowledge of something must necessarily believe in that without which he cannot rise. Nicholas of Cusa
• No man has the right to lead such a contemplative life as to forget his duty to serve his neighbor. Blessed Augustine
• A person has in the depths of his soul an indelible demand that his life be good and have a reasonable meaning. Tolstoy L.N.
• Each person manifests in morals that which, with the help of conviction, is deeply rooted in his soul. Erasmus of Rotterdam
• After looking at the actions of a person, look at their causes, determine whether they cause him anxiety. And then can a person hide what he is? Confucius

Augustine Blessed Aurelius - Christian theologian and philosopher, influential preacher, Bishop of Hippo. One of the Fathers of the Christian Church, the founder of Augustinism. Founder of the Christian philosophy of history. The Christian Neoplatonism of Augustine dominated Western European philosophy and Catholic theology until the thirteenth century, when it was replaced by the Christian Aristotelianism of Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. Some of the information about Augustine goes back to his autobiographical Confession. His most famous theological and philosophical work is On the City of God. Through Manichaeism, skepticism and Neoplatonism, he came to Christianity, whose teaching on the fall into sin and pardon made a strong impression on him. In particular, he defends the doctrine of predestination: a person is predetermined by God to be blessed or cursed, but this is done by Him according to the foreknowledge of human free choice - the desire for blessedness, or the rejection of it. The human history that Augustine sets out in his book “On the City of God”, “the first world history”, in his understanding is the struggle of two hostile kingdoms - the kingdom of the adherents of everything earthly, the enemies of God, that is, the secular world, and the kingdom of God. At the same time, he identifies the Kingdom of God, in accordance with its earthly form of existence, with the Roman Church. Augustine teaches about the self-reliance of human consciousness and the cognitive power of love. During the creation of the world, God laid in the material world in the embryo the forms of all things, from which they then independently develop.

Adam Smith; baptized and possibly born June 5, 1723, Kirkcaldy, Scotland, UK - July 17, 1790, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK - Scottish economist, ethical philosopher; one of the founders of modern economic theory.

Alfred North Whitehead is a British mathematician, logician, and philosopher who, together with Bertrand Russell, wrote the fundamental work Principia Mathematica, which formed the basis of logicism and type theory. After the First World War, he taught at Harvard University, developed his own Platonic doctrine with elements of Bergsonianism.

Anacharsis - Scythian, son of King Gnur, brother of King Savlius and Kaduit. Arrived at the time of Solon in Athens, where he met with Solon themselves and with another noble Scythian Toxar, who was known in Athens as a doctor and sage, later traveled to other Greek cities. Diodorus Siculus and Diogenes Laertes indicate that he, along with other wise men, visited the Lydian king Croesus, whom the Persians considered an adviser on Scythia. Anacharsis became famous as a sage, philosopher and supporter of moderation in everything, he was ranked among the seven wise men and many reasonable sayings and inventions were attributed to him. There are more than 50 sayings of Anacharsis on various topics: reflections on human behavior; about relationships between people; about protecting one's own dignity; about envy; about the meaning of language; about navigation; about gymnastics; about politics and social structure; about the guilt and dangers of drunkenness, etc. There are ten “cynic” letters of Anacharsis known: to the Lydian king Croesus, the Athenians, Solon, the tyrant Hipparchus, Medoc, Annon, the royal son, Tereus, the cruel ruler of Thrace, Thrasilochus. These letters, bearing the name of Anacharsis, according to scientists, date back to the 3rd-1st centuries. BC e. and adjoin a tradition that idealized "natural", "barbarian" peoples and was filled with sharp social content under the influence of Cynicism. According to legend, Anacharsis invented the anchor, improved potter's wheel and sail.

Henri Bergson is one of the most significant philosophers of the 20th century, a representative of intuitionism and the philosophy of life. Laureate Nobel Prize in Literature 1927 "in recognition of his rich and vivifying ideas, and the excellent skill with which they were presented."

Metropolitan Anthony - Bishop of Russia Orthodox Church Metropolitan of Sourozh Philosopher, preacher. Author of numerous books and articles in different languages ​​about spiritual life and Orthodox spirituality.

Aristippus (c. 435 - c. 355 BC) is an ancient Greek philosopher from Cyrene in North Africa, the founder of the Cyrenian, or Hedonian, school, a student and friend of Socrates, with a sophistical bent. Among his students was his daughter Aretha. According to him, knowledge is based on perceptions alone, the causes of which, however, are unknowable. The perceptions of other people are also inaccessible to us, we can only rely on their statements. Eudaimonia in Aristippus is not a concomitant phenomenon in the discovery of ability, as Socrates understood it, but a consciousness of self-control in pleasure: the sage enjoys pleasure without succumbing to it taking possession of him. Do not complain about the past or fear the future. In thinking, as in action, only the present should be important. Only we can freely dispose of them.

Aristotle is an ancient Greek philosopher. Plato's student. From 343 BC e. - teacher of Alexander the Great. In 335/4 BC. e. founded Lyceum. Naturalist of the classical period. The most influential of the dialecticians of antiquity; founder of formal logic. He created a conceptual apparatus that still permeates the philosophical lexicon and the very style of scientific thinking. Aristotle was the first thinker who created a comprehensive system of philosophy, covering all areas of human development: sociology, philosophy, politics, logic, physics. His views on ontology had a serious influence on the subsequent development of human thought. The metaphysical teaching of Aristotle was adopted by Thomas Aquinas and developed by the scholastic method.

Arthur Schopenhauer is a German philosopher. One of the most famous thinkers of irrationalism, misanthrope. He gravitated toward German romanticism, was fond of mysticism, highly appreciated the main works of Immanuel Kant, calling them "the most important phenomenon that philosophy has known for two millennia", appreciated philosophical ideas Buddhism, the Upanishads, as well as Epictetus, Cicero and others. He criticized his contemporaries Hegel and Fichte. He called the existing world, in contrast to the sophistical, as he put it, inventions of Leibniz, “the worst of all possible worlds,” for which he received the nickname “philosopher of pessimism.” The main philosophical work is The World as Will and Representation, which Schopenhauer was engaged in commenting and popularizing until his death. Schopenhauer's metaphysical analysis of the will, his views on human motivation and desire, and his aphoristic writing style influenced many famous thinkers, including Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Wagner, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Otto Rank, Carl Jung, Leo Tolstoy and Jorge Luis Borges.

Bertrand Arthur William Russell is a British philosopher, public figure and mathematician. Russell is known for his work in defense of pacifism, atheism, as well as liberalism and the political left, and has made invaluable contributions to mathematical logic, the history of philosophy, and the theory of knowledge. Less well known are his works on aesthetics, pedagogy and sociology. Russell is considered one of the main founders of English neo-realism, as well as neo-positivism. In 1950 he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Andree Esterling, a member of the Swedish Academy, described the scientist as "one of the most brilliant representatives of rationalism and humanism, a fearless fighter for freedom of speech and freedom of thought in the West." The American philosopher Irwin Edman highly valued the works of Russell, even comparing him with Voltaire, emphasizing that he, "like his famous compatriots, the philosophers of old, is a master of English prose." The editorial notes to the memorial collection "Bertrand Russell - Philosopher of the Century" noted that Russell's contribution to mathematical logic is the most significant and fundamental since the time of Aristotle.

Viktor Emil Frankl was an Austrian psychiatrist, psychologist and neurologist, a former prisoner of a Nazi concentration camp. Frankl is the creator of logotherapy, a method of existential psychoanalysis that became the basis of the Third Vienna School of Psychotherapy.

Vladimir Vasilievich Mironov - Russian philosopher, doctor philosophical sciences, Professor (1998), Honored Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University (2009), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (May 29, 2008), Head of the Department of Ontology and Theory of Knowledge of the Faculty of Philosophy of Lomonosov Moscow State University (since 1998) , Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy of Lomonosov Moscow State University (since 1998, re-elected in June 2003 in June 2008, in June 2013). In 2001-2008, he worked as Vice-Rector of the University: Head of the Academic Policy Department of Moscow State University (until 2006), Head of the Department of Academic Planning and Methodological Support of Educational Activities of Moscow State University (from 2006 to 2008). Laureate of the Lomonosov Prize II degree (2008).

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky - Russian and Soviet naturalist, thinker and public figure of the 20th century. Academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, one of the founders and the first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Founder of many scientific schools. One of the representatives of Russian cosmism; creator of the science of biogeochemistry. His interests included geology and crystallography, mineralogy and geochemistry, organizational activities in science and social activities, radiogeology and biology, biogeochemistry and philosophy. Laureate of the Stalin Prize I degree.

Voltaire (birth name François-Marie Arouet, French François Marie Arouet; Voltaire - an anagram of "Arouet le j (eune)" - "Arue the Younger" (Latin spelling - AROVETLI) - one of the largest French philosopher-enlighteners of the 18th century: a poet , prose writer, satirist, tragedian, historian, publicist, human rights activist.

Heraclitus of Ephesus (544-483 BC) - ancient Greek philosopher. Founder of the first historical or original form of dialectics. Heraclitus was known as the Grim or Dark, and his philosophical system contrasted with the ideas of Democritus, which was noticed by subsequent generations. His only work, from which only a few dozen fragments-citations have been preserved, is the book "On Nature", which consisted of three parts ("On Nature", "On the State", "On God").

Herodotus of Halicarnassus is an ancient Greek historian, the author of the first full-scale historical treatise - "History" - describing the Greco-Persian wars and the customs of many contemporary peoples. Just as ancient Greek poetry begins for us with Homer, so practically historiography begins with Herodotus; its predecessors are called logographs. The works of Herodotus were of great importance for ancient culture. Cicero called him "the father of history". Herodotus is an extremely important source on the history of Great Scythia, including dozens of ancient peoples on the territory of modern Ukraine and Russia.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - German philosopher, logician, mathematician, mechanic, physicist, lawyer, historian, diplomat, inventor and linguist. Founder and first president of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, foreign member of the French Academy of Sciences. The most important scientific achievements: Leibniz, independently of Newton, created mathematical analysis - differential and integral calculus based on infinitesimals. Leibniz created combinatorics as a science; only he, in the entire history of mathematics, worked equally freely with both continuous and discrete. He laid the foundations of mathematical logic. He described the binary number system with the numbers 0 and 1, on which modern computer technology is based. In mechanics, he introduced the concept of "live force" and formulated the law of conservation of energy. In psychology, he put forward the concept of unconsciously "small perceptions" and developed the doctrine of unconscious mental life. Leibniz is also the finalist of seventeenth-century philosophy and the forerunner of the German classical philosophy, the creator of a philosophical system called monadology. He developed the doctrine of analysis and synthesis, for the first time formulated the law of sufficient reason; Leibniz is also the author of the modern formulation of the law of identity; he introduced the term "model", wrote about the possibility of machine simulation of the functions of the human brain. Leibniz expressed the idea of ​​converting some types of energy into others, formulated one of the most important variational principles of physics - the "principle of least action" - and made a number of discoveries in special sections of physics.

David-Emile Durkheim - French sociologist and philosopher, founder of the French sociological school and structural-functional analysis. Along with Karl Marx and Max Weber, he is considered the founder of sociology as an independent science. The integrity and coherence of societies in the conditions of modernity, devoid of traditional and religious ties, were Durkheim's main research interest. The sociologist's first major work, On the Division of Social Labor, was published in 1893, and two years later he published his Rules of the Sociological Method. At the same time, he became the first professor of sociology at France's first sociological faculty. In 1897, he presented the monograph "Suicide", where he conducted a comparative analysis of suicide statistics in Catholic and Protestant societies. This work, which marked the beginning of modern social research, made it possible to finally separate sociology from psychology and political philosophy. In 1898, Durkheim founded the journal L'Année Sociologique. Finally, in the 1912 book The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Durkheim presented his theory of religion, based on a comparison of the social and cultural life of the natives and contemporaries.

The Dalai Lama XIV (Ngagwang Lovzang Tenjin Gyamtsho, Tib. བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་) is the spiritual leader of the Buddhists of Tibet, Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva, Kalmykia and other regions. Laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize (1989). In 2006 he was awarded the highest US award - the Congressional Gold Medal. Until April 27, 2011, he also headed the Tibetan government in exile (he was replaced by Lobsang Sangai).

Dajian Hui-neng, sometimes Hui-neng, Huineng, Hoi-neng is the patriarch of Chinese Chan Buddhism, one of the most important figures in the tradition. Hui-neng was the sixth and last general patriarch of Chan. In Japanese tradition, Hui-neng is known as Daikan Eno.

Denis Diderot is a French writer, philosopher, educator and playwright who founded the Encyclopedia, or Dictionary sciences, arts and crafts. Foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Together with Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, D'Alembert and other encyclopedists, Diderot was the ideologist of the third estate and the creator of those ideas of the Enlightenment age that prepared minds for the French Revolution. Diderot died of a gastro-intestinal disease in Paris on July 31, 1784.

Gibran Khalil Gibran, Arab. جبران خليل جبران‎‎, English. Khalil or Kahlil Gibran, Gibran Khalil Gibran is a Lebanese and American philosopher, artist, poet, and writer. An outstanding Arab writer and philosopher of the 20th century. Gibran Kahlil Gibran's book The Prophet, which glorified Gibran Kahlil, is the pinnacle of the poet's philosophy. Translated into over 100 languages. In 1895, Gibran Khalil Gibran emigrated to the United States with his mother, brother and sisters. Lived in Boston.

Jiddu Krishnamurti is an Indian philosopher. He was a famous orator on philosophical and spiritual topics. These included: the psychological revolution, the nature of consciousness, meditation, relationships between people, the achievement of positive changes in society. He repeatedly emphasized the need for a revolution in the consciousness of each individual person and emphasized that such changes cannot be achieved with the help of external forces - be it religion, politics or society. Jiddu Krishnamurti was born in colonial India to a strictly vegetarian Brahmin family who spoke Telugu. In early youth, when his family was living in the city of Madras, near the headquarters of the Theosophical Society, he was noticed by the famous occultist and high-ranking Theosophist Charles Webster Leadbeater. Leadbeater and Annie Besant, the leaders of the Theosophical Society at that time, took the boy under guardianship and raised him for many years, believing that Krishnamurti was the “guide” they had been waiting for for the World Teacher. Subsequently, Krishnamurti lost faith in Theosophy and liquidated the organization created to support him, the Order of the Star of the East.

John Locke is a British educator and philosopher, a representative of empiricism and liberalism. He contributed to the spread of sensationalism. His ideas had a huge impact on the development of epistemology and political philosophy. He is widely recognized as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and liberal theorists. Locke's letters influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers and American revolutionaries. His influence is also reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke's theoretical constructions were also noted by later philosophers such as David Hume and Immanuel Kant. Locke was the first thinker to reveal personality through the continuity of consciousness. He also postulated that the mind is a "blank slate", that is, contrary to Cartesian philosophy, Locke argued that humans are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience gained through sense perception.

John Stuart Mill is a British philosopher, economist and politician. He made a significant contribution to social science, political science and political economy. He made a fundamental contribution to the philosophy of liberalism. Defended the concept of individual freedom as opposed to unlimited state control. was a supporter ethical doctrine utilitarianism. There is an opinion that Mill was the most notable English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century. For a number of years he was a member of the British Parliament.

Giordano Bruno (Italian Giordano Bruno; real name Filippo, nickname - Bruno Nolanets; 1548, Nola near Naples - February 17, 1600, Rome) - Italian Dominican monk, philosopher and poet, representative of pantheism. As a Catholic monk, Giordano Bruno developed neoplatonism in the spirit of renaissance naturalism and tried to give a philosophical interpretation of the teachings of Copernicus in this vein. Bruno expressed a number of conjectures that were ahead of the era and justified only by subsequent astronomical discoveries: that the stars are distant suns, about the existence of planets unknown at his time within our solar system, that in the Universe there are countless bodies similar to ours. Sun. Bruno was not the first to think about the multiplicity of worlds and the infinity of the Universe: before him, such ideas were put forward by the ancient atomists, Epicureans, Nicholas of Cusa. Was convicted catholic church as a heretic and sentenced by the secular court of Rome to death by burning. In 1889, almost three centuries later, a monument was erected in his honor at the place where Giordano Bruno was executed.

Daniel Clement Dennett is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist whose research lies in the fields of philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology. Professor of Philosophy and Co-Director of the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University. Dennett is also a notable critic of religion and a member of the Brights movement.

Helena Petrovna Blavatsky - Russian noblewoman, US citizen, religious philosopher of theosophical direction, writer, publicist, occultist and spiritualist, traveler. Blavatsky declared herself the chosen one of some "great spiritual principle", as well as a student of the brotherhood of Tibetan mahatmas, who were declared to her as "keepers of secret knowledge", and began to preach the author's version of theosophy. In 1875 in New York, together with Colonel H. S. Olcott and lawyer W. C. Judge, she founded the Theosophical Society, which set itself the task of studying all philosophical and religious teachings without exception in order to identify in them the truth, which, in the opinion of Blavatsky and her followers, will help to reveal the supersensible powers of man, to comprehend the mysterious phenomena in nature. One of the society's main goals was stated to be "to form the nucleus of a Universal Brotherhood without distinction of race, color, sex, caste or creed." Later, the headquarters of the society moved to India in the city of Adyar, near Madras.

Jean William Fritz Piaget is a Swiss psychologist and philosopher, known for his work on the study of the psychology of children, the creator of the theory of cognitive development. The founder of the Geneva school of genetic psychology, later J. Piaget developed his approach into the science of the nature of cognition - genetic epistemology.

Gilles Deleuze is a French post-structuralist philosopher who, together with the psychoanalyst Felix Guattari, wrote the famous treatise Anti-Oedipus. Deleuze and Guattari introduced the terms "rhizome", "schizoanalysis", "body without organs" into the philosophical lexicon.

Georges Bataille is a French leftist philosopher and writer who explored and comprehended the irrational. public life, developed the category of "sacred". His literary works are replete with "blasphemy, pictures of the temptation of evil, self-destructive erotic experiences."

Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin is a Russian philosopher, writer and publicist, a supporter of the White movement and a consistent critic of the communist government in Russia, the ideologist of the Russian All-Military Union. In exile, he became a supporter of the so-called. monarchists, "unpredetermined", gravitated towards the intellectual tradition of the Slavophiles and remained an opponent of communism and Bolshevism until his death. Ilyin's views strongly influenced the outlook of other Russian conservative intellectuals of the 20th century, including, for example, Alexander Solzhenitsyn.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte is a German philosopher. One of the representatives of German classical philosophy and the founders of a group of trends in philosophy known as subjective idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical works of Immanuel Kant. Fichte is often seen as the figure whose philosophical ideas served as a bridge between those of Kant and the German idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. As with Descartes and Kant, the problem of objectivity and consciousness served as the motive for his philosophical reflections. Fichte also wrote works on political philosophy, and because of this he is regarded by some philosophers as the father of German nationalism.

Karl Heinrich Marx - German philosopher, sociologist, economist, writer, political journalist, public figure. His works formed dialectical and historical materialism in philosophy, the theory of surplus value in economics, and the theory of class struggle in politics. These directions became the basis of the communist and socialist movement and ideology, having received the name "Marxism". Author of such works as "Manifesto of the Communist Party", "Capital". Some of his works were written in collaboration with like-minded Friedrich Engels.

Sir Karl Raymond Popper was an Austrian and British philosopher and sociologist. One of the most influential philosophers of science of the 20th century. Popper is best known for his writings on the philosophy of science, as well as social and political philosophy, in which he criticized the classical notion of the scientific method, and vigorously defended the principles of democracy and social criticism, which he proposed to adhere to in order to make possible the flourishing of an open society. K. Popper is the founder philosophical concept critical rationalism. He described his position as follows: “I may be wrong and you may be right; make an effort, and we may come closer to the truth.”

Carneades - Greek philosopher, founder of a new, or third, Academy. Came to Athens in 185/180 BC. e. Studied dialectics. His mentor in this area was the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon. Later, Carneades moved to the positions of the skeptical Academy. Developed extreme skepticism and denied knowledge and the possibility of a final proof. As the first theorist of the concept of probability, he distinguishes its three degrees: representations are probable only for those who adhere to them; representations are probable and not contested by those concerned; representations are absolutely undeniable. As part of the famous Athenian embassy, ​​together with the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon and the Peripatetic Critolaus, he visited Rome in 155 BC. e. Carneades expounded his philosophical views orally, therefore the content of his views was preserved in the works of other thinkers - Cicero, Eusebius. Also popularizing the skepticism of Carneades was the literary activity of his students - Clitomach, Harmad, whose numerous works have not been preserved, but there are numerous references to them.

Galen is a Roman physician, surgeon and philosopher. Galen made significant contributions to the understanding of many scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic. The common spelling of the name as Claudius Galen appears only in the Renaissance and is not recorded in manuscripts; it is believed that this is an erroneous decoding of the abbreviation Cl. The son of a wealthy architect, Galen received an excellent education, traveled widely, collecting a lot of medical information. Having settled in Rome, he healed the Roman nobility, becoming over time personal doctor several Roman emperors. His theories dominated European medicine for 1300 years. His anatomy, based on the dissection of monkeys and pigs, was used until the appearance in 1543 of the work "On the structure of the human body" by Andreas Vesalius, his theory of blood circulation lasted until 1628, when William Harvey published his work "Anatomical study of the movement of the heart and blood in animals ”, in which he described the role of the heart in blood circulation. Medical students studied Galen until the 19th century. His theory that the brain controls movement through the nervous system is still relevant today.

Confucius is an ancient thinker and philosopher of China. His teachings had a profound impact on the life of China and East Asia, becoming the basis of the philosophical system known as Confucianism. The real name is Kung Qiu, but in the literature it is often referred to as Kung Tzu, Kung Fu Tzu or simply Tzu - "Teacher". Already at the age of a little over 20 years, he became famous as the first professional teacher in the Middle Kingdom. Prior to the victory of Legalism, the Confucian school was only one of many strands in the intellectual life of the Warring States, during a period known as the Hundred Schools. And only after the fall of Qin, the revived Confucianism reached the status of a state ideology, which survived until the beginning of the 20th century, only temporarily giving way to Buddhism and Taoism. This naturally led to the exaltation of the figure of Confucius and even its inclusion in the religious pantheon.

Lao Tzu (Old Baby, Wise Old Man) - an ancient Chinese philosopher of the 6th-5th centuries BC. BC, who is credited with the authorship of the classical Taoist philosophical treatise "Tao Te Ching". Within the framework of modern historical science, the historicity of Lao Tzu is questioned, nevertheless, in the scientific literature, he is often still identified as the founder of Taoism. In the religious and philosophical teachings of most Taoist schools, Laozi is traditionally revered as a deity - one of the Three Pure Ones.

Lev Evdokimovich Balashov - Russian philosopher, professor at the Moscow state university engineering ecology, also teaches at the Russian Academy of Economics. GV Plekhanova, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences. graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University in 1969, where he also defended his Ph.D.

Lucius Annei Seneca, Seneca the Younger, or simply Seneca, was a Roman Stoic philosopher, poet and statesman. Educator of Nero and one of the largest representatives of Stoicism. Son of Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Elder and Helvia. Younger brother of Junius Gallio. Belonged to the class of horsemen.

Ludwig Joseph Johann Wittgenstein is an Austrian philosopher and logician, a representative of analytical philosophy and one of the brightest thinkers of the 20th century. He put forward a program for constructing an artificial "ideal" language, the prototype of which is the language of mathematical logic. Philosophy was understood as "criticism of language". He developed the doctrine of logical atomism, which is a projection of the structure of knowledge on the structure of the world.

Mark Porcius Cato is an ancient Roman politician, great-grandson of Mark Porcius Cato the Elder. Legate in 67 B.C. e., military tribune in 67-66 BC. e., the quaestor in 64 BC. e., a plebeian tribune in 62 BC. e., a quaestor with the powers of a propraetor in 58-56 BC. e., praetor in 54 BC. e. He remained the informal political and ideological leader of the majority in the Roman Senate from the late 60s BC. e. and until the civil war between Pompey and Caesar. For contemporaries, he was best known as a model of strict morals, a supporter of republican ideas, the leader of the aristocracy in the Senate, a principled opponent of Caesar and a prominent Stoic philosopher. After his suicide in Utica besieged by Caesar, he became a symbol of the defenders of the republican system.

Donatien Alphonse Francois de Sade, who went down in history as the Marquis de Sade, was a French aristocrat, writer and philosopher. He was a preacher of absolute freedom, which would not be limited by morality, religion, or law. The main value of life was the satisfaction of the aspirations of the individual. In his name, sexual satisfaction obtained by inflicting pain and / or humiliation on another person was called "sadism".

Martin Heidegger is a German philosopher. He created the doctrine of Genesis as a fundamental and indefinable, but all involved element of the universe. The Call of Existence can be heard on the paths of purification of personal existence from the depersonalizing illusions of everyday life or on the paths of comprehending the essence of language. He is also known for the peculiar poetry of his texts and the use of dialect German in serious works.

Michel Paul Foucault is a French philosopher, cultural theorist and historian. He created the first department of psychoanalysis in France, was a teacher of psychology at the Higher Normal School and at the University of Lille, and headed the department of the history of thought systems at the College de France. He worked in the cultural representations of France in Poland, Germany and Sweden. He is one of the most famous representatives of antipsychiatry. Foucault's books on the social sciences, medicine, prisons, insanity and sexuality made him one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century.

Moses ben Maimon, called Moses Maimonides, also known as Abu Imran Musa ibn Maimun ibn Abd-Allah al-Kurdubi al-Yahudi / Abu Imran Musa bin Maimun bin Abdallah al-Qurtubi al-Israili, or simply Musa bin Maimun, or Rambam, in Russian literature he is also known as Moses of Egypt - an outstanding Jewish philosopher and theologian - Talmudist, rabbi, doctor and versatile scientist of his era, codifier of the laws of the Torah. The spiritual leader of religious Jewry, both of his generation and of subsequent centuries.

Maurice Polydore Marie Bernard Maeterlinck was a Belgian writer, playwright and philosopher. Wrote in French. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1911. Author of the philosophical play-parable "The Blue Bird", dedicated to man's eternal search for an enduring symbol of happiness and knowledge of being - the Blue Bird. Maeterlinck's works reflect the soul's attempts to reach understanding and love.

Nick Bostrom is a philosopher and professor at Oxford University, known for his work on anthropic principle. He received his PhD from the London School of Economics. In addition to numerous articles for academic and popular publications, Bostrom frequently appears in the media, where he discusses issues related to transhumanism: cloning, artificial intelligence, mind uploading, cryonics, nanotechnology, and simulated reality. In 1998, Bostrom co-founded the World Transhumanist Association with David Pierce. In 2004, he founded the Institute for Ethics and New Technologies with James Hedges. In 2005 he was appointed director of Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute.

Niccolo Machiavelli - an Italian thinker, philosopher, writer, politician - served in Florence as secretary of the second office, was responsible for the diplomatic relations of the republic, and the author of military-theoretical works. He was a supporter of a strong state power, for the strengthening of which he allowed the use of any means, which he expressed in the famous work "The Sovereign", published in 1532.

Nicholas of Cusa, Nicholas of Kuzanets, Cusanus, real name Nicholas Krebs - cardinal, the largest German thinker of the 15th century, philosopher, theologian, scientist, mathematician, church and political figure. Belongs to the first German humanists in the era of transition from the late Middle Ages to the early modern times. Nicholas of Cusa played a large role in ecclesiastical politics, especially in the debates regarding ecclesiastical reform. At the Council of Basel, he initially supported the position of the conciliarists, who demanded the limitation of the powers of the Pope. However, later he went over to the papal side, which eventually won. Possessing diplomatic skills, he skillfully promoted the interests of the Pope and had a brilliant career as a cardinal, papal legate, prince-bishop of Brixen and vicar general of the Papal States. In Brixen, he faced strong opposition from the local aristocracy and authorities, which he could not resist. As a philosopher, Nicholas of Cusa stood on the positions of Neoplatonism, the ideas of which he drew from both ancient and medieval sources. The basis of his philosophy was the concept of the union of opposites in the One, where all visible contradictions between incompatible ones are resolved. Metaphysically and theologically, he believed that God is One. In the field of the theory of state and politics, he also professed the idea of ​​unity. He considered the most important goal to be the widest embodiment of peace and harmony, despite the objective differences of opinion. In his philosophy, he developed an idea of ​​religious tolerance, unusual for his time. Actively discussing Islam, he acknowledged that this religion has some truthfulness and the right to exist.

Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, political essayist, philosopher and theorist. Institute professor of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, author of a classification of formal languages ​​called the Chomsky hierarchy.

Giyasaddin Abu-l-Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam Nishapuri - Persian poet, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, astrologer. Omar Khayyam is famous all over the world for his rubaiyat quatrains. In algebra, he built a classification of cubic equations and gave their solutions using conic sections. In Iran, Omar Khayyam is also known for creating a calendar more accurate than the European one, which has been officially used since the 11th century.

Chandra Mohan Jain, since the early seventies, better known as Bhagwan Shri Rajneesh, and later as Osho, is an Indian spiritual leader and mystic, attributed by some researchers to neo-Hinduism, the inspirer of the neo-orientalist and religious-cultural Rajneesh movement. The preacher of a new sannyas, expressed in immersion in the world without attachment to it, life-affirmation, rejection of the ego and meditation, and leading to total liberation and enlightenment. Criticism of socialism, Mahatma Gandhi and traditional religions made Osho a controversial figure during his lifetime. In addition, he defended the freedom of sexual relations, in some cases arranged sexual meditation practices, for which he earned the nickname "sex guru". Some researchers call him the "guru of scandals."

Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev is a Russian philosopher and publicist, who was declared insane by the government for his writings, in which he sharply criticized the reality of Russian life. His works were banned for publication in imperial Russia. In 1829-1831 he created his main work, Philosophical Letters. The publication of the first of them in the Telescope magazine in 1836 caused sharp dissatisfaction with the authorities because of the bitter indignation expressed in it about Russia's excommunication from the "worldwide education of the human race", spiritual stagnation that impedes the fulfillment of the historical mission destined from above. The magazine was closed, the publisher Nadezhdin was exiled, and Chaadaev was declared insane.

Plato (ancient Greek Πλάτων, between 429 and 427 BC, Athens - 347 BC, ibid.) - Ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle. Plato is the first philosopher whose writings are not preserved in brief passages quoted by others, but in their entirety.

Plutarch of Chaeronea - ancient Greek writer and philosopher, public figure of the Roman era. He is best known as the author of Comparative Biographies, in which he recreated the images of prominent political figures in Greece and Rome. Publicistic, literary and philosophical writings of Plutarch on various topics are usually combined into a series called "Moral writings" ("Morals"), which, among other things, includes the popular "Table Talk" (in 9 volumes).

Prodik from Julida on the island of Keos is an ancient Greek philosopher. One of the senior sophists of the time of Socrates, a younger contemporary of Protagoras. He arrived in Athens as an ambassador from the island of Ceos, and became known as an orator and teacher. Plato treats him with more respect than other sophists, and in some dialogues of Plato's Socrates, a friend Prodicus appears. Prodic in his curriculum attaches great importance linguistics and ethics. The content of one of his speeches "Hercules at the Crossroads" is still known. He also presented the theory of the origin of religion.

Protagoras is an ancient Greek philosopher. One of the senior sophists. Gained fame through teaching during his many years of wandering. While in Athens, among others, he communicated with Pericles and Euripides.

Pierre Bourdieu - French sociologist and philosopher, one of the most influential sociologists of the second half of the twentieth century: 358: 319. His sociology is highly regarded in regards to both theory and empirical research:

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin - French philosopher and theologian, Jesuit priest, one of the creators of the noosphere theory. He has made significant contributions to paleontology, anthropology, philosophy, and Catholic theology; created a kind of synthesis of the Catholic Christian tradition and modern theory cosmic evolution. He did not leave behind a school or direct students, but founded a new trend in science - Teilhardism.

Reymond Claude Ferdinand Aron - an outstanding French philosopher, political scientist, sociologist and publicist, founder of critical philosophy history, one of the creators and main theorists of the concept of de-ideologization, as well as the theories of "mondialization" and a single industrial society. Liberal. He believed that the state is obliged to create laws that ensure freedom, pluralism and equality of citizens, as well as to ensure their implementation. Recipient of the Alexis Tocqueville Prize for Humanism.

Ralph Waldo Emerson - American essayist, poet, philosopher, pastor, public figure; one of the most prominent thinkers and writers of the United States. In his essay "Nature" he was the first to express and formulate the philosophy of transcendentalism.

Robert Maynard Pirsig is an American writer and philosopher, best known as the author of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (1974), which has sold over five million copies worldwide.

Socrates is an ancient Greek philosopher whose teaching marks a turn in philosophy - from the consideration of nature and the world to the consideration of man. His work is a turning point ancient philosophy. By his method of analyzing concepts and identifying positive qualities man with his knowledge, he directed the attention of philosophers to the importance of the human person. Socrates is called the first philosopher in the proper sense of the word. In the person of Socrates, philosophizing thinking for the first time turns to itself, exploring its own principles and methods. Representatives of the Greek branch of patristics drew direct analogies between Socrates and Christ. Socrates was the son of the stonemason Sophroniscus and the midwife Fenareta, he had a maternal brother Patroclus. He was married to a woman named Xanthippe. “The interlocutors of Socrates sought his company not to become orators ... but to become noble people and perform their duties well in relation to the family, servants, relatives, friends, Fatherland, fellow citizens.” Socrates believed that noble people would be able to govern the state without the participation of philosophers, but, defending the truth, he was often forced to take an active part in the public life of Athens. Participated in the Peloponnesian War - fought at Potidea, at Delia, at Amphipolis. He defended the strategists condemned to death from the unfair trial of the demos, including the son of his friends Pericles and Aspasia. He was the mentor of the Athenian politician and commander Alcibiades, saved his life in battle, but refused to accept the love of Alcibiades in gratitude, because he considered bodily love only a consequence of the inability to restrain the impulses of the low side of the human soul.

Thomas Hobbes is an English materialist philosopher, one of the founders of the social contract theory and the theory of state sovereignty. Known for ideas that have gained currency in disciplines such as ethics, theology, physics, geometry, and history.

Francesco Guicciardini is an outstanding Italian political thinker and historian of the High Renaissance. Coming from a wealthy and distinguished family, Guicciardini studied at the universities of Ferrara and Padua. A younger contemporary of Machiavelli, in his youth he turned to the study of the past of his native city - Florence. In the History of Florence, he outlined the events from the ciompi uprising of 1378 to 1509, when this essay was written, published only in 1859. Guicciardini subjected to a thorough analysis of the evolution of the political system - from the popolan democracy to the tyranny of the Medici - coming to the conclusion that the optimal form of government for Florence would be an oligarchy, "the rule of the best." Political predilections did not prevent him, however, from accurately assessing the hidden springs of the state life of the Florentine Republic, from seeing behind the changes in the structure of power the struggle of the selfish interests of individual groups and influential persons from the social elite. Unlike Machiavelli, his friend, whom he, however, often criticized, Guicciardini was not inclined to justify the system of autocracy under any circumstances - he remained true to republican principles, albeit of an aristocratic color, in his other writings, in particular in dialogue " On the Government of Florence.

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche - German thinker, classical philologist, composer, creator of original philosophy, which is emphatically non-academic in nature and partly therefore has wide use which goes far beyond the limits of the scientific and philosophical community. The fundamental concept of Nietzsche includes special criteria for evaluating reality, which called into question the basic principles of existing forms of morality, religion, culture and socio-political relations and subsequently reflected in the philosophy of life. Being presented in an aphoristic manner, most of Nietzsche's writings are not amenable to unambiguous interpretation and cause much controversy.

Francis Bacon; January 22, 1561 - April 9, 1626 - English philosopher, historian, politician, founder of empiricism. In 1584, at the age of 23, he was elected to Parliament. From 1617 Lord Privy Seal, then Lord Chancellor; Baron Verulamsky and Viscount St. Albans. In 1621 he was brought to trial on charges of bribery, convicted and removed from all positions. Later he was pardoned by the king, but did not return to public service and devoted the last years of his life to scientific and literary work. Bacon began his professional life as a lawyer, but later became widely known as a philosopher-lawyer and advocate. scientific revolution. His work is the basis and popularization of the inductive methodology of scientific research, often called the Bacon method. Induction gains knowledge from the outside world through experiment, observation, and hypothesis testing. In the context of their time, such methods were used by alchemists. Bacon outlined his approach to the problems of science in the treatise "New Organon", published in 1620. In this treatise, he proclaimed the goal of science to increase the power of man over nature, which he defined as soulless material, the purpose of which is to be used by man.

Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj - Indian guru, teacher of advaita, belonged to the lineage of the navnatha sampradaya. As one of the representatives of the 20th century school of non-duality metaphysics, Sri Nisargadatta, with his direct and minimalistic explanation of non-duality, is considered the most famous advaita teacher who lived after Ramana Maharshi. In 1973, his most famous and widely translated book, I Am That, a translation of Nisargadatta's discourses into English language brought him worldwide recognition and followers. Some of the most famous students of Nisargadatta are Ramesh Balsekar, psychologist Stephen Wolinsky.

Emmanuel Mounier is a French personalist philosopher. In 1924-1927 he received a philosophical education at the University of Grenoble and at the Sorbonne. Then he taught philosophy in lyceums. From 1932 until his death, he published the Esprit magazine (in 1941-1944 the magazine was banned by the occupation authorities). Member of the resistance movement.

Anthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury - English philosopher, writer and politician, figure of education. 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury. Author of works collected in three volumes "Characteristics of People, Morals, Opinions, Times", devoted to ethical, aesthetic, religious and political problems.

Epictetus (ancient Greek Έπίκτητος; c. 50, Hierapolis, Phrygia - 138, Nikopol, Epirus) - an ancient Greek philosopher; a slave in Rome, then a freedman; founded a philosophical school in Nikopol. Lectures by the Stoic Musonius Rufus were held in Rome, and Epaphrodite, the master of Epictetus, accompanied by his slave, was among the listeners. He preached the ideas of Stoicism: the main task of philosophy is to teach to distinguish between what is within our power and what is not. We are not subject to everything that is outside of us, bodily, external world. It is not these things themselves, but only our ideas about them that make us happy or unhappy; but our thoughts, aspirations, and consequently our happiness are subject to us. All people are slaves of the one God, and the whole life of a person must be in connection with God, which makes a person able to courageously resist the vicissitudes of life. Epictetus himself did not write treatises. Excerpts from his teachings, known as "Conversations" and "Guide" are preserved in the notes of his student Arrian. The last text was especially popular: it was translated into Latin, and commented on by philosophers and theologians more than once.

Epicurus (Greek Επίκουρος; 342/341 BC, Samos - 271/270 BC, Athens) is an ancient Greek philosopher, the founder of Epicureanism in Athens. Of the 300 works thought to have been written by Epicurus, only fragments survive. Among the sources of knowledge about this philosopher is the work of Diogenes Laertes “On Life, Teachings and Sayings famous philosophers"and" On the nature of things "Lucretius Cara.

Yakov Semyonovich Druskin (1901-1980) - Soviet philosopher, writer, mathematician, art historian. Father - Semyon Lvovich Druskin (1869-1934), doctor, Social Revolutionary, a native of Vilna; mother - Elena Savelyevna Druskina (1872-1963). Born in Rostov-on-Don, where his father was a practicing physician and a member of the guardianship of the Talmud Torah of the Main Synagogue. In 1920-1930 - a member of the esoteric communities of poets, writers and philosophers "Chinari" and OBERIU, the author of the famous "Diaries" about the literary life of Russia in the 20-30s. Thanks to him, many works of "plane trees" and "Oberiuts" were preserved and published. Brother - musicologist Mikhail Semyonovich Druskin, sister - Lidia Semyonovna Druskina (1911-2005), physicist, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, publisher of most of the older brother's posthumous publications.

Another collection of thoughts of wise people. Philosophical aphorisms Socrates, Herodotus, Aristotle and other great thinkers who wrote down the truths of our modernity - their wise sayings , before our era. Thoughts of philosophers for publication in in social networks Instagram, Vkontakte, Twitter, Odnoklassniki, WhatsApp, Telegram, Facebook, etc. In continuation of the article ““…

Philosophical aphorisms and wise sayings for status

If opposite opinions are not expressed, then there is nothing to choose the best from (Herodotus)

Just as it is impossible to blame for an involuntary act, so it is impossible to praise for a forced deed (Euripides)

We do not so much need the help of friends as the confidence that we will receive it (Democris)

Speak to be seen (Socrates)

When the word won't kill, the stick won't help (Socrates)

Philosophical aphorisms

Hope is a source of great anxiety, freedom from hope is a source of great peace

Those who do not think about distant difficulties are sure to face close troubles (Confucius)

Be attentive to your thoughts - they are the beginning of actions (Laozi / Li-Er)

The sun has one drawback, it cannot see itself (Socrates)

Your right to swear, my right not to listen (Aristippus)

The most necessary science is the science of forgetting the unnecessary (Antisthenes)

Friendship is content with the possible without demanding what is due (Aristotle)

Enjoying communication is the main sign of friendship (Aristotle)

A wise man does not pursue what is pleasant, but what relieves trouble (Aristotle)

If you are not brought up and are silent, then you are brought up, but if you are brought up and brought up and are silent, then you are well brought up (Theophrastus)

In a dispute, boldness and eloquence often win, not truth (Menander)

Giving advice to a fool only makes him angry

Women are learned by nature, men by books

Caring about the superfluous is often combined with the loss of the necessary. (Solon)

Do not learn to go to a friend, so that, oversaturated with you, he does not hate you (Solon)

Silence can be the heaviest accusation (Menander)

Do not be grumpy and not accommodating, such people never get out of a beggarly state. (Menadr)

One should not eat daily bread from someone who is richer than you. When you are at his table, he does not spend anything especially for you, but if he comes to you, you will immediately spend everything that you have saved up for a month, and then you will be tormented by remorse (Menander)

Nature has given everyone two ears and one tongue in order to speak less than listen (Plutarch)

There are three ways to answer questions: say what is necessary, answer with friendliness, and say too much (Plutarch)

Or as short as possible, or as pleasant as possible (Plutarch)

When it comes to giving advice to others, everyone is a storehouse of wisdom. When it is necessary to follow this advice yourself, then the wise man is not smarter than the fool.