The architecture of Catholicism presentation for the lesson on the MHK on the topic. Catholic Church Download ppt "Catholic Church"

Catholic Cathedral

• For a long time Catholic churches were erected on the site of the death of one of the martyrs. Cathedrals - symbols of faith were built in almost every architectural style inherent in a particular time. But most often the architecture of the Catholic Church is represented

2 styles:

gothic And romanesque .

Roman style

• The main form of art is architecture, mainly church (temple-fortress, monastic complexes). The main element of the composition of the monastery is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. At the heart of the plan is basilica, that is, the longitudinal organization of space. The main motive of the interior - semicircular arches.

• The portals of Romanesque churches had sculptural decoration, which performed an educational function.

Scene of the Last Judgment on a tympanum

GOTHIC STYLE

Gothic Cathedral - image of the world. The cathedral is not only a beauty that we cannot help but admire. Even if for you this is no longer an instruction to be followed, then, in any case, it is book that needs to be understood. The portal of the Gothic cathedral is the Bible. Marcel Proust

• From the Romanesque style, Gothic inherited the primacy of architecture in the system of arts and traditional types of religious buildings. A special place in the art of Gothic occupied Cathedral - supreme example synthesis architecture, sculpture and painting . In contrast to the Romanesque style with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by pointed arches, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (wimpers, tympanums, archivolts) and multi-colored stained-glass lancet windows. All style elements emphasize the vertical.

• Cathedral as a central phenomenon gothic style was focus all types of artistic activity in their total manifestation: architecture, painting (stained glass and painting), music and literature (liturgy and sermon). Also, the cathedral was the most important center of the life of a European city, in addition to church services, university lectures, theatrical performances were held in it, sometimes the city council and the royal parliament met.

• Basilica (basilica)(royal house) - a type of building of a rectangular shape, which consists of odd number(1, 3 or 5) naves of different heights. In a multi-nave basilica, the naves are separated by longitudinal rows of columns or pillars, with independent coverings. The central nave, usually wider and taller, is illuminated by the windows of the second tier.

• The space of the cathedral, incommensurable with man, verticalism its towers and vaults, the subordination of sculpture to the rhythms of the dynamism of architecture, the multi-colored radiance of stained-glass windows had a strong emotional impact on believers. In it, along with the divine service, theological disputes were arranged, mysteries were played out, and meetings of the townspeople took place. The cathedral was conceived as a kind of body of knowledge (mainly theological), a symbol of the Universe, and its artistic structure expressed not only the ideas of the medieval social hierarchy and the power of divine forces over man, but also the growing self-consciousness of the townspeople.

french gothic Reims

Notre Dame De

Czech Gothic Prague

Italian Gothic Milan

English Gothic Winchester

german gothic Cologne

Siena Cathedral

• Siena Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, better known as the Duomo, is a gleaming marble treasure trove of Italian Gothic art that houses masterpieces by Pisano, Donatello and Michelangelo.

The facade of the Siena Cathedral is one of the most interesting sights

Italy. Each of the four corners of the world has its own unique features of the building, but the most impressive is certainly the western façade.

Temple Synthesis of the Arts

Orthodoxy Architecture, unaccompanied music, painting, sculpture, arts and crafts

Catholicism Architecture, music, painting, sculpture, mosaics, decorative arts

Islam Architecture, mosaic, decorative arts, poetry

Buddhism

Architecture, music, theatre, sculpture, decorative arts

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Slides captions:

Architecture of Catholicism Completed by: teacher MHK GBOU School No. 717 Boyarskaya I.S.

Catholic temple architecture is represented by two main styles: Romanesque and Gothic.

Romanesque style Romanesque style is a style of Western European art of the 10th-12th centuries. (in a number of countries also 13th century). The main feature of this style is the harsh, fortified architecture: monastic complexes, churches, castles are located on elevated places, dominating the area.

Buildings built in the Romanesque style were usually a system of simple volumes (cubes, cylinders, etc.). The surfaces of the massive walls were dissected by spades, arched friezes and galleries. Each of the main parts of the temple, both outside and inside, was a spatial cell isolated from the rest. High towers are one of the main elements of Romanesque architecture.

Romanesque churches were mainly built in the form of a basilica (basilica; . βασιλική - “house of the basileus, royal house”) - a type of rectangular building, which consists of an odd number (1, 3 or 5) of different heights of naves. The middle main nave is always higher than the side ones, the upper part of its walls, cut through by windows, protrudes above the roofs of the side aisles. In a multi-nave basilica, the naves are separated by longitudinal rows of columns or pillars, with independent coverings. The central nave, usually wider and taller, is illuminated by the windows of the second tier. In front of the entrance of the basilica there is a transverse vestibule (or narthex), and at the opposite end of the middle one, which is larger along the side of the nave, there is a semicircular ledge (apse), covered with a semi-dome. Initially, the basilicas had an open wooden roof truss, while later ones were vaulted.

Gothic. The birthplace of Gothic is France. At the end of the 12th century The Gothic design of the building provided for the allocation of a building frame: the supports were lancet arches (ribs) that formed the basis of the vault with lightweight stripping, the thrust of which was repaid by the buttresses brought out and transmitting the thrust of the connecting arches - flying buttresses. Therefore, the wall did not play a constructive role in Gothic, it was replaced by wide openings of windows, portals, a lightweight building grew indomitably upward, rushing to the sky with high tents of towers, spiers, pinnacles and fleurons (decorations in the form of a flower)

Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Moscow. The main volume of the temple was built in 1901-1911. Money for the construction was collected by the Polish community, whose number in Moscow at the end of the 19th century reached 30 thousand people, and Catholics of other nationalities throughout Russia. In 1938, the temple was closed, the church property was looted, and a hostel was organized inside. During the war, the building was damaged by bombing, several turrets and spiers were destroyed. In 1956, the Research Institute "Mosspetspromproekt" was located in the temple. The building was re-planned, which completely changed the interior of the church, in particular, the main volume of the internal space was divided into 4 floors.

In 1989, the Dom Polsky cultural association, which unites Moscow Poles, raised the question of the need to return the church building to its natural owner, the Catholic Church. on the occasion of the feast of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Fr. Tadeusz Pius (now a bishop), with the permission of the authorities, for the first time after a 60-year break, celebrated mass on the steps of the cathedral. Several hundred people attended this first service. Regular services began to be held on June 7, 1991. In January 1990, a group of Moscow Catholics formed the Polish Catholic parish of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. December 8, 1990

The altar of the cathedral In the presbytery "a place for the elect" of the cathedral is the most important element of the temple - the altar, lined with dark green marble. The relics of saints are placed on the altar. On the altar there is an image of the letters alpha and omega Α and Ω, the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet a, the symbol of the beginning and end. To the right of the altar is a mwon (in exaltation for reading holy scriptures). The pulpit of the cathedral, as well as the main altar, is lined with dark green marble. In the back of the presbytery there is another elevation of three steps, adjacent to the wall of the apse of the temple. This part is called the ambulatory. Here is the episcopal chair and places for the clergy.

The cathedral's organ is one of the largest organs in Russia and allows stylistically flawless performances of organ music from various eras. 73 registers, 4 manuals, 5563 pipes.

Cathedral of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul The Cathedral of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul is a Lutheran Cathedral in Moscow, located in Starosadsky lane, 7/10, building 10. The nearest metro station is Chinatown. Since 2005, organ, vocal, instrumental and choral concerts for adults and children, as well as international music festivals with the participation of outstanding Russian and foreign performers, have been regularly held in the Cathedral 3-4 times a week.

The interior of the Lutheran Cathedral. The construction of the shrine became possible thanks to the active actions of the Russian Lutheran community, with whose funds the estate of the princes Lopukhins was bought, and with the financial support of the Russian Emperor Alexander I and the Prussian King Frederick, it was rebuilt accordingly. The cathedral building was consecrated in 1819.

"Material Description:

"Material for the lesson on the subject" Art", on this topic " Catholic churches and cathedrals". The presentation tells about cathedrals and temples, their description, significance, architecture, construction, styles.

"Lesson objectives:

"Educational.

• "To consolidate students' knowledge on the topic "Simple mechanisms".
• Ensure the assimilation of knowledge on the topic " Golden Rule» mechanics.
• To expand the horizons of students on the topics "Simple mechanisms", "Golden rule" of mechanics.
• Consolidate students' knowledge of these topics.

Educational.

• Develop research and analytical skills of students when conducting experimental work;
• Develop the ability to observe, highlight the main thing, draw conclusions, plan and conduct an experiment.
• To develop cognitive activity and independence of students.

educators.

• Raising interest in the subject through the entertaining of the material.
• Creating a favorable psychological environment in the classroom.
• Foster a culture of learning.

Lesson type: combined.

Methods: verbal, visual, independent work on the implementation practical work and test.

Organizational forms of communication: individual, collective, group, pair.

Equipment: PC, multimedia projector, laboratory equipment for practical work.

"Excerpt from the material:

Summary of the lesson "The Golden Rule" of mechanics
(slide 1)

Organizing time.

Physics teacher - Hello, dear guys, I'm glad to see you! I am pleased that we will spend the next 45 minutes together. I hope for fruitful cooperation. Today we have an unusual lesson with you - a lesson in experiments and creativity. The topic of our lesson is the "Golden Rule" of mechanics. (let's write the topic of the lesson in your notebook)

The purpose of our lesson: to investigate in practice whether simple mechanisms give a gain in work (slide 2)

I also ask you to write down in your notebook the question you would like answered at the end of the lesson.

Actualization.

In the last lesson, you studied….

Q: Now, look carefully at the screen. (slide number 3) What do you see in the pictures? What time period do you think the events depicted in the pictures belong to?

A: Students answer questions.

T: (slide number 4) And in these photos, what time do you think? What do they show? What do you think these two frames have in common?

W: Indeed, simple mechanisms were used in antiquity, and are widely used in our time.

U: (slide number 5) Questions on the slide.

Formulation of the problem.

If simple mechanisms are used to obtain a gain in strength,
let's think, don't simple mechanisms give a win in the work?

How do you think? (hypothesis, write on the board)

How can these hypotheses be tested?

(slide number 6) This proposal fully coincides with the methods of big science, and now we are with you, like real scientists.
Our theorists today will be ... (2 students)

All others will be engaged in practical researches.
The role of the expert today goes to…. (student)
Each group has a task on the table. Without wasting a minute, we complete the task in pairs, helping each other. Each group receives its own task, after completing which we will be able to answer the main question: (slide number 8)

Task for theorists: solve the following problems, fill in the table of solution results and draw a conclusion.

First, let's give the floor to a group of theorists: what did you manage to find out?
A: The works are almost the same.
W: - now the report of the first group of practitioners.
- the second group of practitioners is ready to present the results.
- third group
Q: What is the general conclusion? (slide number 9)
1. A: None of the simple mechanisms gives a gain in performance.
This conclusion is so important that in physics it is called the "golden rule" of mechanics. Its author is the ancient Greek scientist Heron of Alexandria, who lived in the 1st century AD, although the legend attributes this to Archimedes.

« Golden Rule» of mechanics is an approximate law, because it does not take into account the work to overcome the force of friction and the force of gravity of the parts of the devices used. However, it can be very useful when analyzing the operation of any simple mechanism.

Let's write the conclusion in a notebook:

None of the simple mechanisms gives a gain in work.

Everyone who deals with construction, machines, mechanisms knows this: If we win in strength, we will lose in distance, and vice versa.

Well, now, back to the questions you wrote down at the beginning of the lesson. Did you get answers to them or not?

Remember! What is called religion?
Man's belief in the supernatural (spirits, gods) and
worship them
Which people were the first to come to believe in one god?
Jews
When did Christianity appear?
2,000 years ago
Who was the founder of this religion?
Jesus Christ
Where did it happen?
The Roman Empire. Palestine

Remember!

What did Jesus Christ teach?
Help the poor
forgive insults and offenders
do not judge and you will not be judged
Ask, and it shall be given you
seek and you will find
how you want people to treat you
do the same with them
What was the significance of this religion?
Strengthening state power
unification of the people
cultural development

Baptism of Clovis
(circa 498)
Byzantine emperor
Anastasius sent Clovis
purple robe and diadem
signs of imperial power

Church division

1054
Anathema - mutual curse
Pope Leo IX
Western, Roman
Catholic Church
"worldwide"
Patriarch
Michael
Eastern, Greek
Orthodox Church
"correctly glorifying God"

1054 - split of the Christian church into the Catholic
and Orthodox Church
Catholic Church Orthodox Church
worship
worship
conducted in Latin conducted in Greek
language
language
forbidden to join forbidden to join
in marriage to everything
in marriage only
clergy
monks
priests shaved did not shave their beards, did not
beards, cut their hair off
crown hair
vertex

Medieval society class structure

King
1 estate
Estates -
groups of people
entitled
birth
certain
rights and
responsibilities
2 estate
3 estate

Sources of wealth of the Catholic Church:
Church tithe is a special tax on
maintenance of the clergy and temples
Payment for the performance of church rites,
touching the relics
Selling Church Positions
Sale of indulgences
Indulgence -
church
certificate of
absolution
sins for a fee
(from Latin "grace")
Collection shed
tithes

Church expenses
Content
priests
Acquisition
lands
Distribution of alms
Construction
charitable
establishments
Construction
churches

The emergence of heresies
Heresy is a doctrine
different from
church doctrine
Heretic - adherent
heresy
sect - group
heretics who reject
Roman church
Causes of heresy:
Spreading
literacy, bible reading
believers
rise of cities,
freethinking of the townspeople

Heretics are people who criticize the church and oppose its teachings.

condemned
expensive
church
ceremonies, splendid
divine services
Demanded cancellation
church
tithes, rejection
clergy from
land
possessions and
wealth

How the Catholic Church struggled with
heretics:
Excommunication
Physical punishment of heretics
(creation of the court of the Inquisition)
Weaning from
churches
Simple
excommunication
(deprivation
church blessings)
deprivation
civil
right
Prohibition
any
communication with
people

Inquisition - ecclesiastical judicial institution
to fight heretics

Order - monastic or spiritual knightly
association with its charter
Order
Franciscans
Order
Dominicans
Founder:
Francis of Assisi
Founder:
Dominic Guzman
Preached:
love for everything
alive
offered to renounce
property
repentance for sins
called to live in
virtuous
poverty at the expense
alms
The main objective:
Fight against heretics
(were judges and
servants
inquisition)
Functions:
Wanted and
the pursuit
heretics

"1. The Roman Church was created by one God.
2. Only the Bishop of Rome is rightly called ecumenical.
3. He alone can depose bishops and
restore them...
... 8. He alone has the right to dispose of signs
imperial dignity.
9. All the princes kiss the feet of one pope.
10. Only his name is commemorated in churches.
11. He alone in the world is called the pope.
So
or lay down
mighty
was
12. He
Maybe
emperors...
…18.Catholic
No one dares to cancel
his decisions,
he himself
church,
cancels anyone.
this
19. Nobody
he wanted
no judge… see dads?
... 27. He can release subjects from the oath
bad lords."

The splendor of papal power
At the end of the XI - beginning of the XII century. dads
consolidated their power. Attempts
subdue some emperors
did not succeed in Italy (Friedrich
Barbarossa (1152-1190) and his grandson
Frederick II (1212-1250)).
Innocent III
The most powerful of the popes
Innocent III (1198-1216) declared that the pope -
vicar of Jesus Christ on earth, and therefore he
above all authorities, ecclesiastical and secular.
Friedrich
Barbarossa

Orthodoxy
Catholicism
Fundamentals of the Creed
-Greek language;
-Patriarch of Constantinople;
-The Holy Spirit comes from God
Father;
-heaven and hell.
Latin language;
the Pope;
The Holy Spirit comes from God
Father and God the Son;
Hell, heaven, purgatory.
relationship between spiritual and
secular power
-Multiple independent
Orthodox churches in
East;
a symphony of power.
The Pope claimed
dominion over kings and
emperors;
The desire to subdue
eastern church.
Conclusion: The differences between Eastern and Western Christians are getting wider.

Differences between the two branches of the Christian Church
Questions
Church
rituals and
rules of life
believers
Orthodoxy
Catholicism
Church ceremonies:
- miraculous icons;
-beginning of service with prophecies
Old Testament;
- communion with bread and
wine.
Rules of life:
-Priests don't shave
beard
- communion at the ceremony
baptism;
priests have the right
marry.
Church ceremonies:
- sculptures of saints;
- service starts from
prayers;
- communion with bread.
Rules of life:
Communion from the age of 7;
- Priests don't get married.
Conclusion: The differences are significant. Two Christian churches formed
civilization.