Keepers of tradition in the religions of the world. Keepers of the Christian Religion Lesson Keepers of Tradition in Religions of the World

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KEEPERS OF TRADITION IN RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD

As soon as religions arose, those who kept religious traditions, legends appeared. Often only they could perform sacred actions.

In ancient religions, such people were usually called priests, that is, ministers.

The ancient inhabitants of Europe - the Celts - had special priests - druids.

The Druids were the keepers of heroic tales and poems, which they passed down orally from generation to generation.

Anyone who wanted to become a druid had to study for many years, know the Celtic calendar and rituals, know how to use plants to perform these rituals and to heal the sick.

The Wise Men of the Jews The Bible tells us: when the ancient Jews made a Covenant with the One God, they entrusted one family to perform all the sacred rites in the Jerusalem temple.

SAGES OF THE JEWS Later, the wise men began to play an increasing role in the Jewish community, who explained the Holy Scriptures to the people, interpreted the commandments and precepts of the law.

Believing Jews began to call such knowledgeable people rabbis, that is, teachers. SAGES OF THE JEWS

CHRISTIAN PRIESTS According to Christian teaching, Jesus Christ founded the church, that is, the assembly of all those who believe in him, who make up one big family. Together they keep the memory of Christ and his teachings.

The disciples of Christ, the apostles, told people about him. CHRISTIAN PRIESTS

In those cities where new communities appeared, the apostles left bishops. This word in Greek means "overseeing". Bishops officiated, preached, cared for their communities. CHRISTIAN PRIESTS

Later, priests and deacons appeared to help the bishops. CHRISTIAN PRIESTS

CHRISTIAN PRIESTS In the Christian church, bishops, priests, and deacons form a hierarchy. The bishop is on the upper step, and the deacon is on the lower step. Climbing the ladder of the hierarchy is possible only in succession: first you need to become a deacon, then a priest, and then only a bishop.

THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY There is no church organization in Islam. All Muslims are a large single community - the ummah. It is she who is the collective bearer and guardian of the Islamic religion.

Muslims trust their most competent representatives - imams (literally - leaders) to lead prayers. MUSLIM COMMUNITY

Among them, people who memorize the Qur'an (hafiz), as well as those who can read it according to specially established rules, are highly respected. MUSLIM COMMUNITY

THE BUDDHIST COMMUNITY In Buddhism, the Buddhist community, the sangha (assembly), plays an important role.

Sometimes all believing Buddhists are called that, but more often only a community of Buddhist monks is called a sangha, that is, people who have abandoned their family, property, wear special orange clothes and live on donations. BUDDHIST COMMUNITY

According to legend, the first sangha was organized by the Buddha himself and his 18 closest disciples. BUDDHIST COMMUNITY

Later, in many countries, among Buddhist monks, lamas (from the word “supreme”) began to enjoy special respect - authoritative teachers who lead believers along the path indicated by the Buddha. BUDDHIST COMMUNITY

Orthodox Culture Islamic culture Buddhist culture Jewish Culture Christian clergymen Apostles Bishops Priests deacons Muslim community - Umma. Imam - leader Hafiz - who knows the Koran by heart Buddhist community - Sangha. Lama - religious teacher Wise men of the Jews, rabbi

Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution Secondary comprehensive school№ 18 KEEPERS OF TRADITION IN RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE SUBJECT: FOUNDATIONS OF RELIGIOUS CULTURES AND SECULAR ETHICS (ORCSE) Deadline: 1 lesson Age of children: 1012 years Developer: Shagina O.S., teacher

settlement October 2017 Lesson No. 8 "Keepers of Tradition in Religions of the World" Module "Fundamentals of World Religious Cultures" Course "Fundamentals of the Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia" Theme of the lesson: "Keepers of Tradition in Religions of the World". The purpose of the lesson: the formation of ideas about the keepers of tradition in the religions of the world. Tasks:  to acquaint students with the keepers of tradition in the religions of the world, with the hierarchy of clergymen;  develop the skills of comparing religious events and phenomena;  master the skills of semantic reading of the text of various genres in accordance with the tasks;  to develop readiness to listen to the interlocutor and conduct a dialogue;  to form a tolerant, respectful attitude towards world religions. Forms and types of educational activities: Conversation, commented reading, oral story on the topic, work in groups, independent work with information sources, creating presentations, compiling and filling in a cluster. Equipment: textbook, interactive whiteboard, blackboard, projector, netbooks, cards, presentation. Basic concepts: priest, rabbi, bishop, priest, deacon, hierarchy, ummah, imam, hafiz, sangha, lama. Universal learning activities:  search and selection of the necessary information, including with the help of computer tools;  ability to structure knowledge;

 the ability to consciously and voluntarily build a speech statement in oral and written form;  reflection of methods and conditions of action;  organization by students of their learning activities: goal-setting, setting learning objectives;  setting questions - proactive cooperation in the search and collection of information;  Establishment by students of the connection between the purpose of educational activity and its motive. Lesson plan Organizational moment. Repetition. I. Students stand facing each other, holding hands. Hello world! (raise hands up) Hello friend! (turn to face each other) Hello, generous circle of songs! (swinging from side to side) Hello, moment! (take a step forward) Hello, age! (take a step back) Hello, good man! (put hands on each other's shoulders) 1. Complete the cluster. Each child has one card on their desks: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, Christ, Abraham, Muhammad, Gautama, Israel, Arabia, Jerusalem, India, Tripitaka, Tanakh, Bible, Koran. Children answer questions, correlate the names on the cards with a particular religion, thereby forming groups:  Jewish community  Christian community  Muslim community  Buddhist community Name traditional religions Russia; Who are the founders of these religions?; Where did the traditional religions of Russia originate?; What sacred books did you learn about in the last lesson?

Traditional religions of Russia Why was the fifth line left empty? (children's statements) Why do you think the sacred books have survived to this day, despite the fact that they are already thousands of years old? (children's statements) And what can be stored? What do you keep at home? What can be stored in the religions of the world? II. Studying new material 1. Work with the textbook (p. 29) - independent reading of the introductory article and "It's interesting." Mark with a “+” sign if you know this, “” I don’t know or I’m hearing for the first time, “0” your knowledge needs to be clarified or supplemented. 2. A short conversation on the content read: When did the keepers of legends arise?

What is the origin of the word "keeper"? Let's clarify the meaning of the word "guardian" Dictionary S.I. Ozhegova Guardian - a person who keeps, protects someone, saves something. What do they store? How do you understand what legends are? (Associations) Tradition - passing from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation, a story about the past, a legend. Who are the priests? Who are druids? Do you think all religions have guardians? What question do we need to answer? (formulation of a problematic question). Problematic question: Who are the keepers of traditions in Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Buddhism? Formulate the topic of the lesson (statements of children). Lesson topic. Keepers of tradition in the religions of the world. And we will get acquainted with their role in religion. 3. Work in groups. Creation of presentations. Work plan for group 1: 1. Read the textbook article that corresponds to the name of the group. 2. Identify the keepers of tradition in religion and talk about them. 3. Create a presentation. By what objects in the picture can you guess that this is a rabbi? The rabbi's head is covered with a cape. On the head under the cape is a box with prayers. What are these items called? Group 2 work plan:

1. Read the textbook article that matches the name of the group. 2. Identify the keepers of tradition in religion and talk about them. 3. Create a presentation. Questions: What is the name of the Muslim community? Who do Muslims trust to lead prayers? What religious rite is performed by the people in the picture? who is in the foreground? Work plan for group 3: 1. Read the textbook article that corresponds to the name of the group. 2. Identify the keepers of tradition in religion and talk about them. 3. Create a presentation. Questions: Who is the guardian of tradition in Christian teaching? What levels of hierarchy do the ministers of the church go through in Christianity? What interested you most about the new material? Work plan for group 4: 1. Read the textbook article that corresponds to the name of the group. 2. Identify the keepers of tradition in religion and talk about them. 3. Create a presentation. Questions: What is called "sangha" in Buddhism? Who keeps the religious traditions of Buddhists? What interested you most about the new material? 4. Performance of groups. Students present their presentations and talk about the "custodians". As the performance progresses, the cluster fills up. III. Reflection (presentation)

1. Complete the sentence: In ancient religions, they kept religious traditions, rituals, legends ________________, i.e. _______________________. 2. Dictionary S.I. Ozhegov's Hierarchy - the order of subordination of the lower (ranks, positions) to the higher, in general, the arrangement from lower to higher or vice versa. Arrange Christian clergy - bishop, deacon, priest in accordance with the levels of the hierarchy. 3. Complete the sentences. The Muslim community is called __________________. During prayer, believers are led by ________________. The Buddhist community is called ____________________. The _____________________ enjoys special honor among the members of the community. The wise men who explained the Holy Scriptures to the people, interpreted the commandments and precepts of the law, were called _________ in Judaism. 4. Match with the arrows. Rabbi Imam Christianity Judaism Islam Buddhism Lama Priest IV. Homework. Tell about the keepers of tradition in the religions of the world; Compose a syncwine on the topic. Literature:

1 Textbook. Fundamentals of religious cultures and secular ethics. Fundamentals of world religious cultures. Grade 4: textbook for educational institutions with an application on electronic media / [A.L. Beglov, E.V. Saplin, E.S. Tokarev, A.A. Yarlykapov]. M.: Education, 2014. 2 Levitsky A.V. Methodological features of teaching complex training course"Fundamentals of Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics": Educational Manual. – Yekaterinburg, 2011 3 Internet resources: http://connect1.webinar.ru/play/ [email protected]/2387orkse orkse / magdnv.ru›predmety/teaching methodology

The keeper

• The keeper
• A person who keeps, protects someone, saves something.

• There are different opinions about the role of priests in the life of Ancient Egypt. So, some believe that the control of the priests had a negative impact on the life of the Egyptians and on the development of the state. According to others - priests - keepers sacred traditions- played a positive role in the history and culture of Ancient Egypt. The priesthood of Egypt played an important role in the formation and prosperity of the state, the development of the spiritual health of the nation, and the preservation of historical and cultural values. (Judaism)

• RABBI - a title awarded upon receipt of a higher Jewish religious education, which gives the right to lead a community, teach and be a member of a religious court.
• Word equal(literally `great`, `great`, also `master`) is called a teacher of the law.
• In Russia. According to the Regulations on the Jews, the Jews of the Russian Empire retained the right to choose rabbis, but the appointment to this position was approved by the provincial authorities. Rabbis were elected for three years and received a salary from the community, but they were forbidden to charge special fees for performing rites. In an effort to spread a general education among the Jews, the authorities warned that from 1812 only those who knew Russian, Polish or German letters could be a rabbi.

• Apostle (Greek gr. άπóστολος from the verb άποστέλλω “to send”): a follower of Christ, called to the ministry of bringing the Good News (Gospel) to all nations;
• twelve apostles
• Most often, the apostles are understood to be the twelve closest disciples of Christ, called by Christ so that they would be with Him, proclaim the Gospel together with Him and cast out demons, speak on His behalf. Christ endows the apostles with his authority: "He who receives you receives Me, and he who receives Me receives the one who sent Me." By virtue of this power, the apostles, after the Resurrection of Christ and the descent of the Holy Spirit upon them (Pentecost), become the head of the Christian Church.

• Bishop (Greek ἐπίσκοπος - “supervising”, “supervising”) in the modern Church is a person who has a third, highest degree of priesthood, otherwise a bishop.
• Originally, in apostolic times, the term "bishop", as it is used in the epistles of the apostle Paul, denoted the senior teacher of a separate community of followers of Jesus Christ. The bishops oversaw the Christians of a particular city or province, as opposed to the apostles. Subsequently, the term takes on a more specific meaning of the highest degree of priesthood.
• With the advent of various honorary episcopal degrees(archbishop, metropolitan, etc.), the term in Russian also became the designation of the youngest of them, although it did not lose more general meaning, for which the term is also used bishop. In the Greek Church, the general term is usually hierarch("priest").

• Priest - in the common sense, a minister of a religious cult. It has a special meaning in historical Judaism, now there are no priests in Judaism and it is a mistake to use this term in relation to rabbis).
• In the Roman Catholic, Orthodox and a number of other Christian denominations that recognize the traditional understanding of the priesthood, a priest is a clergyman who has its 2nd degree: below a bishop and above a deacon (in Orthodoxy also called a presbyter). To use the term "priest" in relation to a person who has an episcopal rank is terminologically incorrect.

• Deacon (lit. form; colloquial deacon; other Greek διάκονος - minister) - a person passing church service at the first, lowest degree of priesthood. A woman holding the rank of deacon is called a deaconess (deaconess).

• Umma- Arabic word meaning " community" or " nation". IN islam word ummah denotes the community of believers, that is, the whole Islamic world. Phrase ummah wahida("one community") in Koran stands for a united Arab world. On the other hand, in Arabic word ummah can also be used in western meaning nation, For example ( United Nations).

• IMAM (arab.) - means "standing in front", more broadly - "the one who leads the prayer."
• In Sunni Islam, any devout Muslim who knows the Koran well, regardless of his social status, can be the primate in prayer.
• In village mosques, the most respected and well-versed in theology person is usually chosen for the post of imam, often without a special theological education.

• Hafiz (Arabic "teaching by heart", "protector") - a person who knows Koran by heart.
• It is also called Tajik And Uzbek singers performing traditional music.

• Sangha Samgha,(“collection, multitude”) - name Buddhist communities. This term can be used to refer to the religious brotherhood in general. In a narrower sense - host beings who have reached a certain degree enlightenment.
• In the broad sense of the "community of Buddhists" the term "four-fold sangha" is used: a community of monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen. This is a community, the presence of which, for example, indicates the prevalence of the Buddha's teaching in a country or region.
• In a narrow sense, for example, when accepting refuges, by Sangha it is recommended to understand the Liberated Sangha, the community of saints, liberated from the illusion of the "ego" of beings.

• Lama (and in the Buryat and Kalmyk pronunciation, the stress is on the last syllable Lama) ( Tib. wylie:bla ma) - V Tibetan Buddhism- Religious teacher.
• This name is similar Sanskrit concept " guru” and can be used as a respectful address to monk(nun) in order to emphasize their level of spiritual perfection and skill, or it can be an integral part title in the religious hierarchy of Tibetan lamas, such as: Dalai Lama, Panchen Lama (Tulku).
• Perhaps due to the ambiguous perception of Tibetan Buddhism by Western scholars, the term lama historically and often erroneously used to refer to all Tibetan monks. Similarly, Tibetan Buddhism was often called Lamaism because Western scholars and travelers did not perceive Tibetan Buddhism as a form of Buddhism in general. At present, the concept lamaism considered incorrect.

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You will learn

When the keepers of the legend appeared, who are they priests.

What role did the sages play in Judaism? rabbis).

What's happened hierarchy in the Christian church.

What does a Muslim community look like?

About Buddhist sangha and Buddhist teachers lamah).

Basic concepts

Priest Rabbi Apostle Bishop Priest Deacon Hierarchy Umma Imam Hafiz Sangha Lama

Who are the priests? As soon as ancient religions arose, those who kept religious traditions, rituals, and legends appeared. Often only they could perform sacred acts and connect their fellow tribesmen with the world of spirits and gods. In ancient religions, such people were usually called priests, that is, ministers.

Wise men of the Jews. The Bible tells us: when the ancient Jews made a covenant with the One God, they separated one family, which was supposed to perform all the sacred rites in the Jerusalem temple. Later, the wise men began to play an increasing place in the life of the Jewish community, who explained the Holy Scriptures to the people, interpreted the commandments and precepts of the law. Believing Jews began to call such knowledgeable people a rabbi, that is, a teacher.

Christian priests. Jesus Christ founded the Church, that is, the gathering of all believers in Christ, who make up one big family. All together they preserve the memory of Christ and His teaching, but from the very first days of the existence of the Church, there were various ministries in it. Thus, close disciples of Christ in various countries told their contemporaries about Him. They began to be called apostles - "messengers". In those cities where new communities of Christians appeared, the apostles left bishops, which in Greek means “overseeing”. Bishops officiated, preached, cared for their communities. Later, ministries of priests and deacons arose to help the bishops. ??? deacon to bishop

In the Christian Church, bishops, priests and deacons form a hierarchy. The bishop is on the upper step, and the deacon is on the lower step. You can climb the steps of the hierarchy only sequentially: first you need to become a deacon, then a priest, and only then a bishop.

Muslim community. There is no church organization in Islam. All Muslims are a large single community - the Umma (community). It is she who is the collective bearer and guardian of the Islamic religion. Most Muslims trust their most literate representatives, imams, to lead prayers (literally, “leader”). Since Muslims especially revere their Holy Scripture, the Koran, people who remember it by heart (hafiz), as well as those who can read the Koran according to specially established rules, are highly respected among them.

Buddhist community. In Buddhism, the Buddhist community, the sangha (assembly), plays an important role. Sometimes all believing Buddhists are called so, but more often only a community of Buddhist monks is called a sangha, that is, people who have abandoned their family, property, wear special orange clothes and live on donations. According to legend, the first sangha was organized by the Buddha himself and his 18 closest disciples. Later, among Buddhist monks, lamas (from the word “supreme”) began to enjoy special honor - authoritative teachers who lead believers along the path indicated by the Buddha.

This is interesting

The ancient inhabitants of Europe - the Celts - had a special group of priests - the Druids. The Druids were the keepers of heroic tales and poems, which they passed down orally from generation to generation. But they retained their most secret knowledge only within their closed group. Anyone who wanted to become a druid had to study for many years, know the Celtic calendar and rituals, know how to use plants to perform these rituals and to heal the sick, and much more about which knowledge is now lost. new age

Questions and tasks

What were the servants in ancient religions called?

Who and why are called sages in Judaism?

What levels of hierarchy do the ministers of the church go through in Christianity?

What kind of people and why do Muslims especially revere?

Who can be called the guardians of religion in Buddhism?

Ask your parents, elders, if they know about religions that do not special people that would keep its traditions and legends.

Man in religious traditions peace

You will learn

What is prayer.

Basic concepts

Prayer Sacraments Namaz Mantra

We said that religion is a connection between man and God, man and spiritual world. Man's place in the world and his actions are always an integral part of religious ideas. The founders of world religions, their envoys and prophets turned to people. What should a person do? It depends on how a given religion understands the world and man.

We remember that in the biblical picture of the world, a person is called to restore the broken connection with God. The actions that he must perform are also aimed at this. One of the central actions is prayer.

In Christianity, prayer is a natural way to communicate with God, a conversation with Him. For the believer, it is a need, not a duty. Just as a person who loves another person cherishes communication with him, strives to meet more often and talk with him, so a person who believes in God and loves Him strives to communicate with God in prayer.

An equally important part of a Christian's life is reading (for some people daily) the Bible and especially the Gospel. Because the gospel records the deeds and words of Christ, the Savior, which the believer always strives to follow.

Also in the Christian Church there are special sacred actions through which believers can spiritually touch Christ, feel His presence. These activities are called sacraments. Since the preaching of the apostles, two of them have been known - Baptism and the Eucharist (from the Greek "thanksgiving"). Dedication to dignity? During baptism, which is usually performed through three immersion in water, a person enters the Church. In the sacrament of the Eucharist, bread and wine are consecrated, which are then distributed to the faithful, and they, eating them, are united with Christ.

From the point of view of Judaism, the main religious purpose of the Jewish people and the person belonging to it is the keeping of the Covenant with God. That's why great importance is given to prayer, reading the Holy Scriptures, as well as strict observance of religious precepts and commandments. One of the main commandments is to keep the Sabbath (you will learn about this in the fifth grade).

This is interesting

In some groups of believing Jews, it is customary to devote at least several hours a day to reading the Holy Scriptures and its interpretations.

In Islam, it is believed that man was created by God (Allah) as a confirmation of His omnipotence. Everything around was created for the sake of man, and he must obey God and do His will. God directly prescribed in the Qur'an the forms of serving oneself, so every day a Muslim tries to scrupulously fulfill them. Five prayers a day (prayer), fasting (abstinence from food) in the month of Ramadan, once a year the allocation of zakat - cleansing alms, etc. Duties not performed on time can then be made up for as soon as possible, the fulfillment of many duties is facilitated depending on the circumstances.

In Buddhism, a prayer or mantra (literally, “saying”) is understood differently than in religions associated with the biblical tradition. Mantra, strictly speaking, is not addressed to God, which Buddhism does not know. It serves to properly "tune" the consciousness of a person, to get him out of dependence on everything transient and vain. Meanwhile, Buddhists can actually perform prayers addressed to people who have already achieved enlightenment, nirvana, or to spirits, the patrons of Buddhism. Spirits are also sometimes given symbolic gifts - pieces of food, water, strips of beautiful fabrics.

Let's discuss together

What sacraments of the Christian church do you know.

Questions and tasks

How do you understand what prayer is in Christianity?

Why do you think "reading" is an important part of a Christian's life?

What is the main religious purpose of the Jewish people and man?

What duties should a Muslim perform every day?

What is the purpose of prayer in Buddhism?

sacred structures

You will learn

What are sacred structures and what are they for?

What is a synagogue and how Jews pray.

What is the main Christian churches.

What are icons .

Basic concepts

Synagogue Church Altar Icon Fresco

What are sacred buildings for? Believers perform joint ritual actions in structures specially created for this purpose, which become sacred to them. These structures can be completely different in their external and internal appearance, but their purpose is always the same - joint participation in rituals.

Already in ancient times, people began to gather together to pray to their gods and make sacrifices to them. They still did not know how to build houses, so sometimes a portable tent served them for these purposes (for example, among the ancient Jews it was called a tabernacle), the Jews did not know how to build houses? This is after centuries of making bricks in Egypt, stones sometimes assembled together and placed in a certain order. And now they still find the remains of these structures made of stones. The largest of them is located in England and is called Stonehenge ("stone" - in English means stone).

Later, people began to build temples. IN Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt, in Mesopotamia, in India, in China, in Japan, people built temples dedicated to their gods.

Sacred buildings of Judaism. When the ancient Jews believed in the One God, not then but later they built the famous Temple in Jerusalem. Around the Temple, which was the only one for them, their whole life was concentrated. Its destruction was perceived by the Jews as a terrible tragedy. But their joint prayers did not stop. Settled in different countries, groups of Jews began to use "meeting houses" - synagogues for joint prayers and reading the Holy Scriptures. Synagogues are the main sacred buildings for Jews today.

Outwardly, synagogues may look different, but inside their structure is always subject to certain rules. At one of the walls of the prayer hall, a special casket is placed in which a Torah scroll is kept. In accordance with tradition, the text of the Torah intended to be read during worship must be handwritten. In the center of the synagogue is an elevation from which the Torah is read. Above the cabinet is a lamp - a menorah, in which there should always be seven wicks. A stone slab or bronze plaque is usually placed next to the lamp, with the Ten Commandments engraved on it, which God once gave to Moses.

Christian temples. Christian temples (churches) began to appear soon after the death of Christ. The external forms of these temples are very diverse. But there are common features for all Christian churches.

The altar is the most sacred place in a Christian church. Sometimes the altar is separated from the rest of the temple by a barrier - an iconostasis. Icons are placed on the iconostasis - images of Christ and the saints. Wall paintings are also used in Christian churches - this technique is called frescoes.

In Russian Orthodox churches there are no seats, the faithful stand during the service. Only sick or old people can sit down for a short time. Men, entering the temple, must take off their hats, and women are supposed to cover their heads on the contrary.

This is interesting

Men and women attending worship in the synagogue must sit separately; for this, separate rooms have been arranged for them. During prayer, men put on tefillin - special boxes that are attached to the head and right arm with straps. They contain certain fragments from the Torah, handwritten on parchment. The head of a man, as a sign of humility before God, must always be covered - it can be a small round cap on the back of the head - a kipà, a wide-brimmed hat or fur hat. During prayer, men also cover their heads with a tallit - a prayer veil.

This is interesting

In Catholic and Protestant churches, the space around the altar is open. In Catholic churches, in addition to icons, there are also sculptural images, and in Protestant churches very often there are no images. In Catholic and Protestant churches there are benches on which believers sit during worship, getting up only during the most solemn moments.

Questions and tasks

Why did people start building sacred structures? Could they do without them?

Why is the synagogue not considered a temple by the Jews? What are the rules for building a synagogue?

Using the illustrations personal experience Describe the structure of a Christian church.

What is the difference between Orthodox and Catholic churches? Iconostasis and benches?

What is an icon? “an icon is an image of Christ” Is that all?

sacred structures

You will learn

How is prayer and how to behave in a Muslim mosque .

How are Buddhist temples arranged?

Basic concepts

Mosque Minaret Stupa Pagoda

Mosques. In a Muslim mosque - a prayer building in Islam - believers must enter without shoes, because??? the floor is covered with mats and carpets. It is believed that before prayer, believers should wash themselves (wash their feet especially thoroughly) and put on clean clothes. Therefore, in the courtyard of the mosque there is usually a reservoir. Women's clothing should cover their entire body, except for the face and hands.

The structure of the mosque was already established during the time of the first successors of Muhammad. Most mosques have a special tower - a minaret, from which believers are called to prayer. Each mosque must have a niche, it always faces towards Mecca, the holy city for Muslims. This niche indicates where Muslims should face while praying. There is also a rostrum in the mosque on which the preacher stands.

Prayer in the mosque is led by an imam (which means "one who stands in front"). During prayer, believers line up behind the imam. Women should be located on the balcony or at the end of the hall behind the curtain.

The mosque is not consecrated and there are not only icons or sculptures in it, but in general there are no images of people or wildlife. The mosque is decorated only with special inscriptions (as a rule, verses from the Koran) and various ornaments.

Buddhist temples. As you already know, the body of the Buddha was burned on a funeral pyre, and his ashes were placed by his disciples in special structures - stupas. Initially, there were eight stupas, and it was they who became the object of worship for Buddhists. Then stupas began to be built not only for storing ashes, but also for storing other relics, and in honor of memorable events in the history of Buddhism. Initially, the stupas consisted of three parts - a stepped base, a massive central part and a roof in the form of a multi-tiered umbrella. But then they began to build more and more complex stupas, they turned into high multi-tiered buildings, which are called pagodas. Pagodas are often used as temples as well.

A Buddhist temple inside is usually a large rectangular hall.

In front of the images of deities, an altar is installed - a table covered with matter, on which various ritual objects. Above the platforms, where Buddhist monks sit during worship, multi-colored ribbons, cloth cylinders, silk scarves, umbrellas, balls filled with fragrant herbs and lanterns of various shapes and colors hang from the ceiling.

When entering a Buddhist temple, people must remove their hats. In the temple, you can sit on benches or on the floor. It is believed that it is best to go around the temple during the service in the direction of the sun, that is, from left to right, while trying not to turn your back to the altar.

This is interesting

Buddhist temples are often the centers of monasteries. They are surrounded by a fence that looks like a regular rectangle. In the corners of the fence on high poles, multi-colored pieces of matter flutter with magical texts written on them, which are designed to drive away from the monastery evil forces. On both sides of the fence stretch rows of prayer wheels, which are metal cylinders mounted on a vertical axis, filled with prayer texts. Before entering the monastery, the faithful go around the fence and rotate these cylinders. It is believed that one turn of the cylinder is equivalent to reading all the prayers embedded in it.

Questions and tasks

How should a Muslim behave in a mosque?

Write a description of the inside of the mosque.

How did Buddhist temples originate?

Write a description of the interior of a Buddhist temple.

Lesson 12 - 13

Art in religious culture

You will learn

What role in different religions plays art.

Basic concepts

Icon Calligraphy Arabesque Menorah

Art in the religious culture of Christianity. We remember that Christianity is based on the belief that the Son of God, Jesus Christ, was born on earth. Since Christ lived among us, He can not only be written in a book, but He can be depicted. Very soon, images of Christ, His Mother, Mary and saints became widespread among Christians. These images began to be called icons (from the Greek "image", "image"). Today, the icon is often perceived as one of the characteristic features of Christian art. It is believed that in the icon image, made according to all the rules, the one who is depicted on it is invisibly present - the Savior or the saints ???. That's why??? they pray in front of the icons, make bows before them, but at the same time, the believers bow not to the boards and paints, but to the one depicted on the icon - Jesus Christ, the Mother of God, the saints.

Art in the religious culture of Islam. Islam forbids depictions of humans and animals for fear of idolatry. At the same time, Muslims attach great importance to their Holy Scripture- Koran. Therefore, among Muslims, the art of calligraphy has received great development. It originates in the notion that the Qur'an is the direct speech of God. His words, captured on paper or other medium, of course, had to be outwardly beautiful. However, despite the prohibition of the image, sometimes calligraphers convey certain phrases on paper in such a way that they take the form of a man bowing in prayer or a brave lion. It is believed that the calligrapher is superior to all other artists, because he depicts the Word of God in the best possible way. In conditions of limited images, decorative and ornamental art turned out to be especially in demand. Muslims developed the art of the arabesque, an ornament that is characterized by the stylization of animal and plant forms, an endless repetition of overlapping with each other. geometric shapes and continuity of decor. As a rule, many elements of the decoration of mosques, Muslim religious schools, etc. are very richly decorated.

Art in the religious culture of Judaism. Artistic works adorn the center of Jewish religious life - the synagogue. The main shrine kept in any synagogue is a Torah scroll. On the rods that hold the scroll, the crown of the Torah is put on as a sign that it is Scripture that is the ruler of the people. Together with or instead of a crown, luxurious tops are sometimes worn on the rods, symbolizing the fruits of the tree of paradise. The scroll is dressed in special embroidered clothes, which are girded with a belt. As a bookmark that helps you immediately find the place you need to read, there is a torashild - a shield made of precious metals. When reading, you can’t move your hand over the text, so special pointers are used - poisons. The synagogue is decorated with lamps. In the synagogue there is a menorah, reminiscent of the menorah of the Jerusalem Temple.

At home, ritual silver items accompany the most important holidays. Shabbat candlesticks and a kiddush glass are needed to meet Shabbat, and aromatics (bsamims) and a candlestick of a special shape, with a box for spices and a rising cup, are needed for seeing off Shabbat. Every home has a Hanukkah lamp with eight wicks for Hanukkah and a silver box for storing an etrog for Sukkot. A Jewish home can be immediately identified by the mezuzah attached to the door frame.

Art in the religious culture of Buddhism. In Buddhist fine arts occupied by images of the Buddha. He is depicted in three ways: in the image of the Teacher - sitting with a raised right hand, Triumphant - sitting with arms down and "sleeping" - the reclining figure of the Buddha, leaving for nirvana. All the details of the image of the Buddha are subject to "thirty-two iconographic signs of a great personality", which are detailed in the canonical texts. There are also various images of calm and formidable "deities" - the patrons of Buddhism.

This is interesting

Developed under the influence of Buddhism garden art. In Japan, there are still "rock gardens", which were made in order to create favorable conditions for the spiritual exercises of Buddhist monks. Also, in Buddhism?? special tea ceremony. Since tea was a special drink for Buddhist monks: they drank it during meditation and offered it to the Buddha.

Questions and tasks

What does the word "icon" mean?

Why has the art of calligraphy developed so much among Muslims?

What are the rules for reading the Torah?

What is the main image in the religious culture of Buddhism?