Mythological, religious and philosophical outlook. The concept of worldview

Mythological worldview

Religious worldview

Origin

The subject of philosophy. originality philosophical problems.

Philosophy is a discipline that studies the most general essential characteristics and fundamental principles of reality (being) and cognition, human being, the relationship of man and the world. The subject of philosophy includes both the study of the universal laws of development of the world and society, and the study of the very process of cognition and thinking, as well as the study of moral categories and values.

The peculiarity of philosophical problems:

1) Universality, limitingness - the most important and defining feature of the problems of philosophy.

2) Philosophy "is constantly concerned with such eternal questions of human thought, in relation to which the last word can never be said"

3) The "invariance" of the problems of philosophy creates the appearance of their unsolvability in general and the absence of any significant progress in philosophy.

4) A significant part of them is constantly reproduced on a new basis and in this sense "eternal".

History of Philosophy (IF). ancient philosophy. Main names and new ideas.

Ancient philosophy - the philosophy of antiquity, is divided into ancient Greek and ancient Roman, from early classical philosophy until 529, when the last philosophical school in Athens was closed by decree of Emperor Justinian. Traditionally the first ancient philosopher Thales is considered, and the last is Boethius. Ancient philosophy was formed under the influence and influence of the pre-philosophical Greek tradition, which can be conditionally considered as an early stage of ancient philosophy itself, as well as the views of the sages of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and ancient Eastern countries.

The following periods are distinguished:

Natur-philosophical(the main problem is the problem of the structure of the world, the problem of the beginning). Neighborhood-rivalry of several schools;

Humanistic(change of problems from nature to man and society). Sophist School, Socrates;

Classical(period of great synthesis). The creation of the first philosophical systems is the whole range of philosophical problems. Plato, Aristotle;

Hellenistic(the center moves from Greece to Rome). Compete different philosophical schools. The problem of happiness. Schools of Epicurus, skeptics, Stoics;

Religious(development of Neoplatonism). The problem of religion is added to the sphere of philosophical problems;

The birth of Christian thought, monotheistic religion.

The main philosophers of antiquity were: Plutarch, Diogenes, Aristotle, Pythagoras, Thales.

IF. Eastern philosophy. Ancient India. Ancient China.

Eastern philosophy originated almost simultaneously with the philosophy Ancient Greece and represents a large and unique layer of world philosophy. The most generally accepted is the inclusion in this concept of the philosophical traditions of ancient China and India as a counterbalance to similar traditions of ancient Europe. But, in general, one can also include the worldview systems of other Asian civilizations of antiquity, the most representative of which were (are) Babylon, Persia, Japan, Korea, and later - the Muslim world.

Indian philosophy- the totality of the philosophical theories of all Indian thinkers, ancient and modern, Hindus and non-Hindus, theists and atheists. Since ancient times, it has developed continuously, without sharp turns. Its oldest, and today considered holy, documents are contained in the Vedas (before 1500 BC). Almost all literature on Indian philosophy is written in the language of art connoisseurs and scientists - in Sanskrit. Like medieval Western European philosophy, Indian philosophy also dealt mainly with religious problems, but it paid more attention to reflections on the knowledge of the transcendent. In its historical development, Indian philosophy falls into three periods:

Vedic period (1500-500 BC),

classical, or Brahmin-Buddhist (500 BC - 1000 AD)

postclassical or Hindu period (since 1000).

Chinese philosophy arose at about the same time as ancient Greek and ancient Indian philosophy, in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. Separate philosophical ideas and themes, as well as many terms that later formed the "basic composition" of the lexicon of traditional Chinese philosophy, were already contained in the oldest written monuments of Chinese culture.

The first historically reliable creator of philosophical theory in China was Confucius (551-479), who realized himself as the spokesman for the spiritual tradition of "zhu" - scientists, educated, intellectuals.

According to traditional dating, Laozi (6th-4th centuries BC), the founder of Taoism, the main ideological movement opposed to Confucianism, was an older contemporary of Confucius.

The era ended with the "anti-philosophical" repressions of Qin Shi Huang (213-210 BC), directed precisely against the Confucians.

Differences between the currents of Lao Tzu and Confucius:

The main thing in Taoism is non-action, and in Confucianism it is virtue.

Taoism is turned "outward" and Confucianism is turned "inward".

Non-action. Unlike Confucius, Lao Tzu has a way to achieve a result.

IF. medieval philosophy. characteristics of the era.

Medieval philosophy - historical stage of development Western philosophy covering the period from the 5th to the 14th centuries. The peculiarity of philosophy lies in its conjugation with religious ideology. Religion has left its mark on the formulation and solution of all philosophical problems.

The history of medieval philosophy is divided into 2 periods: patristics and scholasticism.
Patristika - patris - father. Patristics differs from philosophy in the idea of ​​revelation. The Fathers see the purpose of philosophy in the interpretation of biblical sayings of the 2nd-8th centuries.
Scholasticism is a school philosophy. It was studied in the 12th century in universities. Main features: faith in the authority of church teaching - the bible. Quoting as a method of proving the neglect of experimental facts.
In the center of reflections of medieval philosophy is God - theo, therefore medieval philosophy is called theocentrism; theology is theology.

The main problems of medieval philosophy:

1) The problem of rational - reasonable substantiation of religious theses.

2) The problem of faith and reason of religion and philosophy

3) The problem of epistemology - the theory of knowledge.

4) The problem of Theodicy (justification of God).

5) The problem of proving the existence of God.

Consciousness and the unconscious.

Consciousness lives within us. This is an invisible stream of motives, impressions, experiences, thoughts, a set of more stable ideas, attitudes, beliefs, values.

Reflection is awareness of consciousness. The stream of consciousness seems chaotic, but it is subject to certain laws - the awareness of time.

Consciousness is inseparable from the brain and nervous system, but fundamentally irreducible to them. It is localized in the brain, but essentially non-spatial. Thought, experience and image are not a material state, not an object. Consciousness maintains a permanent temporal structure.

Structure of consciousness:

1. Cognitive processes by which a person constantly enriches his knowledge.

2. A clear distinction between subject and object fixed in the mind, i.e. what belongs to the "I" of a person and his "not-I". Man is the only one among living beings capable of self-knowledge. The separation of "I" from "non-I" is carried out in the process of forming a person's self-consciousness.

3. Ensuring goal-setting human activity. Setting goals, motives for activities, taking into account the progress of actions and making adjustments.

4. The presence of emotional evaluations in interpersonal relationships.

Unconscious- this is a set of mental processes, acts and states caused by influences, in the influence of which a person does not give himself an account. It is a form of reflection of reality, in which the completeness of orientation in time and place of action is lost, speech regulation of behavior is violated. In the unconscious, unlike consciousness, purposeful control over the actions performed is impossible, and it is also impossible to evaluate their results.
The area of ​​the unconscious includes:

1. Mental phenomena that occur in a dream (dreams)

2. Responses that are caused by imperceptible, but really affecting stimuli

3. Movements that were conscious in the past, but due to repetition became automated and therefore became unconscious

4. Some motivations for activity in which there is no consciousness of purpose
The assimilation of social experience, culture, spiritual values ​​and the creation of these values ​​by an artist or a scientist, being accomplished in reality, do not always become the subject of reflection and in fact turn out to be a combination of consciousness and the unconscious.

True

Truth is an epistemological characteristic of thinking in its relation to its subject.

Truth is understood as a property of knowledge, which consists in accordance with the objective state of affairs.

In philosophy, the concept of truth coincides with a set of basic concepts that make it possible to distinguish between reliable and unreliable knowledge by the degree of its fundamental ability to be consistent with reality, by its independent inconsistency/consistency.

Truth is absolute and relative.

Absolute truth - knowledge that is fully consistent with the state of affairs; incomprehensible.

Relative truth is knowledge corresponding to the objective state of affairs at a given time, in a given place, from the position of a given observer.

scientific truth cannot provide knowledge of goodness and beauty. Moral and religious problems are not solved in a scientific or political way.

Philosophy as a worldview. Comparison with religious and mythological worldview.

Mythological worldview grows out of the archaic. The souls of phenomena are finally separated from them and form a special world - the world of spirits, which enter into relations with each other that are typical for people.

Not only individual desires of people, but also their social interconnections are now transferred to the phenomena of the world. That is, the forces of nature appear in a bright personified form (as living personalities), and their connections - as familiar and generally understandable relations between people.

Religious worldview grows out of the mythological and includes many of its elements. The line between the mythological and the religious is quite fluid, but still it exists. The main difference is that the personified world forces (spirits, gods) finally turn into supra-world and extra-world ones.

Origin philosophical type of outlook took place within religious outlook. It was a transition from myth to logos, from the authority of tradition, ascending to gods and heroes, to the authority of reason. Philosophy arose as a result of the struggle between the mythological, collective fantasy picture of the world and that initial objective knowledge that humanity accumulated on the basis of and as its practical attitude to reality became more complex.

In its original content, philosophy practically coincides with the religious and mythological worldview.

Mythology- a system of legends, tales, legends, with the help of imagination, explaining the course and origin of natural and social processes. Mythology in its origin was a naive philosophy and science.

Myth- a figurative variation of the artistic epic with a pronounced attraction to the heroic-fantastic reproduction of the phenomena of reality, accompanied by a concrete-sensory personification of a person's mental states.

Myth structure:

• cognitive component- worldview: the origin of things, the etiology of the world, etc.;
• prescriptive-incentive component- principles of life: values, attitudes, instructions, directives, ideals;
• practical component- world action: social interaction, interindividual communication, exchange of activities, self-affirmation, cult and ritual-mystical acts, symbolic rites, spells, etc.

In mythology, for the first time in the history of mankind, a number of philosophical questions are posed:

• how the world came into being;
• how it develops;
• what is life;
• what is death, etc.

Mythology was an attempt to explain the phenomena of nature and human life, the relationship of the earthly and cosmic principles.

The main historical types and essence of the worldview

Mythology is the initial form of worldview, it expressed: naive forms of explanation of natural and social phenomena; moral and aesthetic attitude to the world.

Mythological worldview- a system of views on the objective world and on the place of a person in it, which is based not on theoretical arguments and reasoning, but on the artistic and emotional experience of the world, on public illusions born of inadequate perception by large groups of people (nations, classes) of social processes and their role in them.

Close to mythological religious outlook, it also appeals to fantasy and feelings, but at the same time does not mix the sacred and the earthly.

- attitude and worldview, as well as appropriate behavior, determined by belief in existence God, deities; a sense of dependency, bondage, and obligation to a secret power that provides support and is worthy of worship. The basis of living religiosity is the mythological world action and world outlook.

By , religion- this is the law that lives in us, this is morality, turned to the knowledge of God.

Faith is given by God to man:

• through education in a religious family;
• schooling;
• life experience;
• the power of the mind that comprehends God through the manifestation of his creations.

Liberty religious beliefs is one of the inalienable human rights. Therefore, it is necessary to be tolerant towards representatives of other religions, atheists who are in disbelief: after all, disbelief in God is also faith, but with a negative sign. Religion is closer to philosophy than mythology. They are characterized by: a look into eternity, the search for higher goals, a valuable perception of life. But religion is mass consciousness, and philosophy is theoretical consciousness, religion does not require proof, and philosophy is always the work of thought.

Mythological worldview

From the moment a person “discovered” himself in the surrounding world, he faced a problem related to his attitude to the world. To do this, it was necessary to look for answers to important questions: what is the essence and nature of the surrounding world, what is the essence and nature of the person himself, what is common between a person and the reality surrounding him and what separates them, how should one behave in this world? Such questions are classified as worldview.

The very posing of such questions became evidence of a certain maturity of a person, the development of his worldview. In the course of his observations, a person began to notice regularities and connections in the phenomena and processes around him. Some of them were perceived as the results of internal activity, relatively hidden, but purposeful activity. The conclusion was that not only a person learns and masters the world, but he himself is an object of research, observation and influence.

Not only animals and plants, but also rivers, mountains, steppes, fire, air, earth, water, celestial bodies turned out to be animated in the understanding of man. Each of the essences actualized in this way acquired a personal beginning, and with it - will, aspirations, interests, passions. Each such entity, of course, was endowed with a name. In addition, an idea has formed in the human mind about beings that are not seen in ordinary practice, but supposedly play a significant role in the processes of being, capable of exerting a great influence on human life. Various cultural and ethnic systems differ in the totality of their mythological creatures. The integral characters of ancient myths are the Olympian gods, centaurs, griffins, cyclops, sirens; in the Russian tradition, this is Yarilo, goblin, phoenix bird, etc.

Rice. Worldview and its types.

Some of the people turned out to be talented organizers of their fellow tribesmen, courageous and skillful warriors. Others are sages who influenced the consciousness and way of life of many people. Still others have shown themselves to be skilled artists or artisans. All of them remained in human memory and, in the minds of the next generations, acquired the status of heroes endowed with superhuman abilities, demigods. They were credited with incredible feats, they boldly entered into a struggle with the elements, in partnership or confrontation with supernatural entities, and often came out victorious in difficult and dangerous situations. In stories, legends about them, real experience intertwined, folk wisdom, figurativeness, fiction, which has acquired fantastic forms.

This is how mythology was born. It is considered the first type of worldview and represents a relatively coherent system of myths, as well as an idea of ​​the world and an attitude towards it, based on criteria arising from the content of myths.

Myth in the modern sense, it is a form of a holistic mass experience and interpretation of reality with the help of sensually visual images, which are considered independent phenomena of reality.

Myths reflect the idea of ​​the people of ancient societies about the origin of the world and man, the nature of its functioning, the system of spiritual, ethical, aesthetic values ​​and norms. The myth is distinguished by the simplicity of the plot, according to which a person interacts with humanized nature and fantastic creatures. Everything that was stated in myths could not be criticized, was taken as facts of reality, was a model of worldview, behavior.

In other words, a myth is a manifestation of the worldview ancient man containing certain guidelines and some prescriptions for his daily practice.

The ancient man, realizing his autonomy in nature, has not yet fully isolated himself from it. He seemed to himself an integral, natural and, apparently, quite a vulnerable element of the surrounding world and relied more on feelings than on reason. It should be noted that elements of the mythological perception of the world still exist today, but in ancient times mythology was the only form of world perception. The mythological consciousness is distinguished by the perception of ideal pictures, never observed in reality, born of the creative imagination of a person, as "irrefutable facts of being". It blurs the lines between the natural and the supernatural, the objective and the subjective, and replaces causal relationships with analogies and superficial explanations.

So, mythology(from the Greek. mythos - a legend and logos - a word, concept, thought, mind) - a type of worldview, which is characterized by sensory-figurative uncritical perception of myths by individual and mass consciousness; their content is accepted as sacred, and the norms formulated in them - as requiring strict implementation.

In the course of the development of the mythological worldview and mythology as a system of myths, the conviction in the reality and power of supernatural forces grew stronger in the human mind. whose will determines the processes of reality and the life of the person himself. The element of worship of these forces arose and began to stand out in separate normative-value regulatory systems.

Initially, as an object of worship were totems(as a rule, animals or plants that are considered patrons of a particular group of people - kind) and fetishes(inanimate objects endowed in the beliefs of believers with supernatural properties). However, their sacred properties at a certain moment in the development of human consciousness were devalued, their place was taken by supernatural non-material (often in the minds of people - human-like) omnipotent entities. As a rule, they were not directly connected with nature, but acted as its creators themselves.

A certain hierarchy arose between these beings. People sincerely believed in the ability of these creatures to control the components of nature, both real ones (for example, the ocean) and fictional ones (“the underworld”). Various supernatural entities could "manage" a particular area of ​​human activity or extend their patronage to large areas where people lived. Thus, the whole world surrounding a person was divided between set of deities who, depending on their status, had greater or lesser supernatural powers. This is what polytheism looked like.

But ideas arose about the only powerful god, capable of single-handedly determining absolutely all the processes occurring in nature and society. People undividedly trusted him, endowed him with unquestioned authority. Such a system is called monotheism.

Thus, another type of worldview was formed - religious, in which, as in the mythological, the sensual aspect in relation to reality prevailed over the rational.

Religious worldview

The main difference of religion is the boundless faith into the supernatural ideal principle — God, into his omnipotence and omnipresence. Religion presupposes the dominance in the soul of a person of a feeling of dependence on God and unconditional worship of him.

It should be noted that the phenomenon of worship of sacred objects, animals arose approximately at the same time as the formation of a system of myths, in many cases it was the same process. Elements of religious worldview were also present in mythological consciousness. But the final formation of developed religious beliefs is usually associated with monotheism, when the religious worldview began to prevail over the mythological one. Among the early monotheistic religions, the most famous , , formed before our era, at the beginning of the first millennium formed Christianity, and in the middle Islam.

(lat. religio - piety, piety, shrine) - worldview, worldview, attitude, as well as the behavior of people associated with them, determined by the belief in the existence of a supernatural entity - a deity that influences the world around and human life.

The range of problems solved by a religious worldview does not differ significantly from the problems solved by mythology. However, the nature of their decision within the framework of religion is more strict and unambiguous. Religious systems (primarily world religions) are more organic than mythological systems and structurally more perfect than them. They regulate human life more strictly and in detail. In addition to the ontological, ideological, educational functions inherent in mythology, religions perform evaluative, consolidating, comforting and some other functions.

However, the religious worldview was to a large extent contradictory. It `s naturally. The worldview of even an individual person often turns out to be more complicated than the most perfect religious system. It is even more problematic for the developing public consciousness not to go beyond religious consciousness. This is due to the uniqueness of individual consciousness, the complexity of the collective, multifactorial and dynamism. public consciousness. The process of mastering the surrounding world is associated with versatile practical experience, the need to deepen a wide variety of applied knowledge, the importance of having accurate data and regularities in the processes of being accessible to observation.

In solving fundamental worldview issues about the world, society, knowledge, a person already in antiquity relied not only on mythological traditions, religious values ​​and norms, but also on rational knowledge. This was due to the improvement of the production of material and spiritual values. The development of rational knowledge was facilitated by the emergence of ever new types of specialized activities - animal husbandry, agriculture, medicine, and the construction of large engineering structures. The development of arts and crafts played an important role. Of considerable importance was the socio-territorial expansion realized in economic, political, cultural and informational relations with neighboring and distant countries. It took various forms - from travel and trading expeditions to wars. Long sea and land campaigns, military confrontation required the organization of the production of various technical devices, vehicles, construction of communications, etc. When solving these problems, many questions arose that could not be resolved within the framework of mythology and religion. At the same time, these processes revealed the contradictions of an uncritical worldview.

As a result, the need to form a rational understanding of reality became more and more obvious. The process of emergence and development of such an approach to reality took place in parallel with the development of inherently "non-critical" types of worldview - mythological and religious. However, at first, rational knowledge was distributed exclusively in the field of practices and, as a rule, did not go beyond the solution of everyday issues. It was more supportive. Mythology and religion, meanwhile, took the form of ideological systems.

New knowledge had a significant impact on social practice, on consciousness. They became the first elements of science and, among other things, required generalization, systematization. Gradually, a conscious desire for a holistic perception of the world was formed on the basis of precisely this knowledge. The perception of the world was increasingly based on an understanding of the essence of the processes and phenomena surrounding a person, on more logical theoretical conclusions, more and more confirmed by empirical experience. Thus, another type of worldview was formed - philosophical.

Philosophical worldview

It is distinguished by a critical position in relation to the surrounding world, in relation to the person himself, as well as in relation to the process of man's cognition of reality. The philosophical worldview is based on logically consistent conclusions about the subject of research. Belief that does not require proof, traditional mythological views in philosophy were pushed aside by the desire to understand the essence of things.

Gradually, philosophy began to occupy more and more strong worldview positions, but did not completely abolish mythology, let alone religion. It should also be noted that in their essence and significance in the life of society, all types of worldview are largely similar to each other. This allows you to determine the essence of the worldview.

outlook- a system of views on the objective world and a person's place in it, value orientations, ideals, life position, beliefs that underlie the relationship of a person (an individual, a group of people, a community) to himself and to the world, his everyday behavior and aspirations.

In the worldview, two levels are usually distinguished: figurative-emotional and conceptual-categorical. mythological and religious types worldviews are mostly emotional-figurative in nature. In contrast to this, the philosophical type of worldview is based primarily on rational thinking. it is a logically substantiated system of views and assessments of reality, attitudes towards it.

Finally, philosophy turned out to be a more dynamic, capacious and diverse form of worldview. It penetrates deeper into the essence of things and processes, allows you to have a more capacious and versatile idea about them.

In mythology and religion, all this is either absent or does not have the same severity as in philosophy.

Elements of a philosophical outlook have always existed since the time when a person first thought about what surrounds him, like this the world arranged, how one or another of its elements arose, who he himself is in this world. Mythology and religion also contain fragments as components philosophical knowledge, since they contain certain generalizations. On the other hand, mythology and religion, to some extent, can be considered variants of a philosophical approach to reality.

So, for mythology, the surrounding world is a certain given, a self-evident receptacle of phenomena and processes that are more or less understandable to man, an arena of dramatic relationships between supernatural entities, in which there was a place for man himself, although the role assigned to him is modest. At the same time, neither the past nor the future in myth often differ significantly from the present, the world is cyclic in its development, the subject of research is not at all concerned about this, evolution for him is quite limited, and sometimes only everyday.

Most well-known religions interpret the world as a creation of God, forbidding to think about whether there is (whether there was) anything outside of this "commodity" (ie created) world. Man is just one of the elements, entirely dependent on the creator of reality, but at the same time the most important and perfect creation, called upon consciously, in a form accessible to him and within the limits allowed from above, to realize the divine will in this world.

Philosophy is not satisfied with the simplicity and static nature of the mythological picture of the world, the predestination and predetermination of the religious interpretation of being. Philosophers put forward various, sometimes contradictory, ideas of a substantial nature or rationally substantiate the ontological (for example, cosmological) ideas of myths. So, some early philosophical systems acted from the positions hylozoism(assuming the animation of all material bodies, the nature of the cosmos).

Even within the framework of a religious worldview, philosophy strives for a more complete understanding of being, for a more adequate reflection of it, for cognitive diversity. Apart from polytheism(polytheism, paganism) and monotheism(religion based on belief in one God) philosophical thought, manifesting itself in religion, at the time put forward concepts deism, pantheism. The position of deism consists in the idea that God created the world and after that did not interfere in its development, giving a person the opportunity to live according to reasonable laws received along with the act of creation. Pantheism identifies God with nature.

However, philosophy goes far beyond religion.

Philosophy seeks to take into account all significant information about reality. It critically examines newly emerging concepts, but also questions previously established ideas about nature. Summing up all the critical experience and the latest achievements of science, philosophy forms a modern idea of ​​the world. This view includes all the questions that arose both at the very beginning of the development of human civilization, and in the course of its entire history. These questions are called philosophical - about the eternal and the temporal, about the infinite and the finite, about the singular and incalculable, about the sublime and the base, about truth and error, about justice and deceit, about perfection and primitiveness. Philosophy is equally interested in the whole universe and the individual. Philosophers talk again and again about what our world is. how it arose and in what direction it develops; about beauty, love, kindness, happiness.

Reality in various philosophical systems, teachings, schools is not the same, but each new concept, as a rule, does not reject the previous one (in any case, it does not reject it absolutely). The next concept, rather, adds new touches to the picture of the world created over the centuries. As a result of the interaction of such systems and ideas, philosophical knowledge seeks to penetrate more deeply into the essence of previously known phenomena and processes that make up our world.

Philosophy aims to formulate universal approaches that make it possible to fully and deeply understand the general patterns of being or the essence of its important fragments - the material world around us, society, and man. At the same time, philosophy tries to ensure the greatest objectivity of the knowledge contained in it. However, any concept inevitably includes a significant subjective component due to the personality of its author. And just as no two people are the same, so no two are the same. philosophical concepts. However, this does not prevent large groups of philosophers and representatives of society who share their positions from adhering to any general principles, the most fundamental provisions, central, especially significant ideas.

1. Love for wisdom.2. Aspiring to truth and beauty.3. A wise person.4. Seeker of truth.5. Omniscient.6. Teacher of wisdom.7. All of the above.

PHILOSOPHY (Greek filio - love, sophia - wisdom), believes that the famous Pythagoras was the first to be used in the school to emphasize the difference between sages and those who are still on the path to wisdom. Subsequently, "philosophers" were distinguished from "sophists" - teachers of wisdom.

23. What is not a function of philosophy?

1. Worldview function.2. Methodological function.3. Axiological (value-evaluative) function.4. Criminal law function.

The FUNCTION of philosophy does not include "criminal law", although philosophy as a worldview underlies political, legal, moral, aesthetic, religious, and scientific principles.

24. What two levels does a worldview consist of?

1. Emotional-figurative and logical-rational.2. Practical and theoretical.3. Ordinary and scientific.4. Individual and public.5. Objective and subjective.6. Spontaneous and conscious.

In accordance with the definition of WORLD VIEW (see 1.1.), it includes two components (levels): sensual, or worldview, and intellectual, or worldview.

The division is relative, because the single soul (spiritual world) of a person is "two-in-one". In her feelings are "reasonable" and the mind is "sensitive"

25. The specificity of the ARTISTIC WORLD VIEW (art) is that it:

1. Expressed in non-verbal images (music, painting, architecture), except for literature.2. Is the disclosure of the subjective impression of the artist, and not the objective qualities of the subject.3. It has more influence on the state of mind of a person than on the results of his practical activities.4. All of the above.

ART differs from philosophy in many aspects of both content and form. But the main difference is that art focuses on the sensuous-artistic-figurative side of being, in which it is closer to mythology than to philosophy. If philosophy was considered a way of intellectual self-improvement, then art was considered a means of sensual purification (catharsis) of the soul.

26. The scientific worldview differs from the philosophical one in that:

1. Reflects reality in the form of only true knowledge.2. It is expressed only in a conceptual-categorical form.3. Abstracted from the personal qualities of the cognizing subject.4. The verbal form of expression can be replaced by sign symbols.5. All of the above.

SCIENCE is a reflection of reality in the system of true knowledge. An extremely rationalized worldview has its advantages, which are primarily in the accuracy of information and predictions. But the desire for absolute scientificity leads to the loss of a whole layer that was available in the philosophical worldview - sensual and unsystematized, which is not given to logical thinking, but is comprehended super-intellectually, sensually-intuitively.

27. Historical forms of MATERIALISM:

1. Antique.2. European.3. Metaphysical (=mechanical).4. American.5. Anthropological.6. Dialectical.7. Everything except "European".8. 1, 3, 5, 6.

1. Antique. Metaphysical (=mechanical). Anthropological. Dialectical.

Gilmanova Dina 130 group

Any philosophy is a worldview, that is, a set of the most general views on the world and the place of man in it.

Philosophy is the theoretical basis of the worldview:

- philosophy is the highest level and type of worldview, it is a system-rational and theoretically formulated worldview;

- philosophy is a form of social and individual consciousness, which has a greater degree of scientificity than just a worldview;

Philosophy is a system of fundamental ideas as part of a social worldview. Worldview is a generalized system of views of a person and society on the world and one's own place in it, a person's understanding and assessment of the meaning of his life, the fate of mankind, as well as a set of generalized philosophical, scientific, legal, social, moral, religious, aesthetic values, beliefs, beliefs and ideals of people.

A vision can be:

- idealistic;

- materialistic.

Materialism - philosophical view which recognizes matter as the basis of being. According to materialism, the world is a moving matter, and the spiritual principle is a property of the brain (highly organized matter).

Idealism is a philosophical view that believes that true being belongs to the spiritual principle (mind, will), and not to matter.

The worldview exists in the form of a system of value orientations, beliefs and convictions, ideals, as well as a way of life of a person and society.

Value orientations are a system of spiritual and wealth, which society recognizes as the dominant force over itself, determining the actions, thoughts and relationships of people.

Everything has significance, meaning, positive or negative value. Values ​​are unequal, they are evaluated from different points of view: emotional; religious; moral; aesthetic; scientific; philosophical; pragmatic.

Our soul has a unique ability to determine precisely its value orientations. This is also manifested at the level of worldview positions, where we are talking about the attitude to religion, art, to the choice of moral orientations and philosophical predilections.

Faith is one of the foundations spiritual world man and humanity. Every person, regardless of their statements, has faith. Faith is a phenomenon of consciousness that has huge force vital significance: it is impossible to live without faith. An act of faith is an unconscious feeling, an inner feeling, to some extent characteristic of every person.

Ideals are an important part of the worldview. Man always strives for the ideal.

Ideal is a dream

- about a perfect society in which everything is fair;

- a harmoniously developed personality;

- reasonable interpersonal relationships;

- moral;

- beautiful;

- Realization of their potential for the benefit of mankind.

Beliefs are a clearly defined system of views that have settled in our soul, but not only in the sphere of consciousness, but also in the subconscious, in the sphere of intuition, densely colored by our feelings.

Beliefs are:

- the spiritual core of the personality;

- the basis of the worldview.

These are the components of the worldview, and its theoretical core is the system of philosophical knowledge.

Worldview activity arises simultaneously with the human

society, the social form of moving matter. As a first approximation to

worldview can be attributed to any judgment (reflection), bearing

any integrally generalized information about an object or a class of objects. IN

in a stricter sense, worldview should be understood with respect to

coherent system of general principles for the interpretation of nature, society and

human thinking. From this point of view, worldview refers to

first of all, such historical types as myth, religion and philosophy.

The essence of the worldview lies in the integrative orientation, which

is not only a theoretical but also a practical task.

Worldview activity has as its main goal the ideological

(ideological and socio-psychological) association of people.

The main difference between philosophy and other forms of worldview is that it relates, first of all, to the scientific sphere of social consciousness, strives for a rational and conceptual understanding of the world, has a specific categorical apparatus, relies in its logical constructions and conclusions on the science of its time, on the entire a single cumulative experience of human development.

The main directions or branches of philosophical knowledge: ontology and theory of knowledge; social philosophy; philosophical anthropology; philosophy of politics and law; philosophy of culture, aesthetics, ethics, logic; philosophy of science and technology; history of philosophy, etc.

Naturally, philosophy has always been interested in the problem of management.

In terms of its content, philosophy performs two main functions in relation to the theory and practice of ensuring national security - ideological and methodological.

The subject (or carrier) of the worldview is an individual, social or professional groups, ethno-national and religious communities, classes, society as a whole. The worldview of an individual is formed under the influence of society and those social communities in which it is included. At the same time, it is always distinguished by personal originality; the specific life experience of a given individual finds its expression in it.

2. The main question of philosophy from the point of view of materialism and idealism.

Philosophy is a system of fundamental ideas as part of the worldview of a person and society. This is a form of social and individual consciousness, which is constantly theoretically substantiated, has a greater degree of scientificity.

In the worldview there are always two opposite angles of view: the direction of consciousness "outside" - the formation of a picture of the world, the universe, and, on the other hand, its appeal "inside" - to the person himself, the desire to know his essence, place, destination in the natural and social the world. (i.e. the main nodes are the world and man)

Various relationships these angles of view permeate all philosophy.

This big multifaceted problem "the world-man", in fact, acts as a universal one and can act as a general formula, an abstract expression of almost any philosophical problem.

That is why it can, in a certain sense, be called the fundamental question of philosophy.

The question of the relationship between consciousness and being, spirit and nature is fundamental question of philosophy. From the solution of this issue, ultimately, depends the interpretation of all other problems that determine the philosophical outlook on nature, society, and, therefore, on man himself.

Materialism - the course of philosophy, where matter is taken as primary, and consciousness, which is derived from matter, is taken as secondary.

It proceeds from the fact that the world is material, exists objectively outside and independently of consciousness. Matter is primary, not created by anyone, exists forever. Consciousness, thinking is a property of matter.

It is believed that the world and its laws are knowable.

Materialism seeks a realistic explanation of the world from itself without extraneous additions.

Idealism - the basis of understanding the world is the spiritual principle. Consciousness is taken as primary. As a rule, it denies the possibility of knowing the world.

Idealism is divided into two forms: subjective and objective.

Subjective idealism - such a form where the consciousness of the subject (individual human consciousness) is taken as the primary one - an idea. Denies the existence of any reality outside the consciousness of the subject, or considers it as something completely determined by his activity.

Objective idealism considers human consciousness, the mind, to be the fundamental principle of existence. It affirms the existence of a spiritual principle outside and independently of human consciousness.

Materialism is the opposite of idealism. Their struggle is the content of the true philosophical process.

Looking at the world around, any person, even without being a philosopher, forms his own opinion about the events taking place around him, he thinks and reflects, studies and evaluates ... I wonder how the worldview differs from philosophy in general, how close are these concepts? Let's try to clarify this issue.

Definition

outlook- an integral system of a person's views on the world and the place of the individual in it, which maximally generalizes ideas and views about the environment.

Philosophy- a kind of worldview that studies the fundamental issues of being from scientific and theoretical positions.

Comparison

For some time there was discord in understanding the connection between philosophy and worldview, their relationship. It was believed that these are synonyms, that is, absolutely identical concepts. Philosophy, also called metaphysics, claimed to be perceived as a view of the world in its totality, a kind of universal key to the study of being. But later it became clear that philosophy is not capable of being a “science of sciences”, since it cannot synthesize everything that exists. scientific knowledge. It answers only fundamental questions, reflects on a person's place in the world, the meaning of his life.

The worldview includes many concepts, such as views and beliefs, assessments and attitudes, norms and ideals. Philosophy also occupies its niche in it, since it is a system of views on the world and the place of the individual in it. Philosophy is a special form, a kind of worldview. Historically, it arose much later than other basic worldview concepts - myth and religion.

The worldview covers all types of social consciousness, many sciences take part in its formation. Philosophy also plays an important role in this process; in fact, it is a kind of core of any worldview.

The worldview consists of systematized knowledge, it generalizes practical, personal, life experience. But, unlike philosophy, it is not exclusively theoretical. We can say that the worldview is all the views and ideas of a person, based not only on theoretical knowledge, but also on personal experience that the individual has experienced. Through experience, views become beliefs that approach faith. Many Russian philosophers called the worldview "life sense", "practical philosophy". The worldview is closely intertwined with the theoretical background and everyday life.

Worldview is most often formed spontaneously, spontaneously, under the influence of various life collisions, factors that are not always interconnected. Philosophy is a coherent theoretical system. Philosophy is a scientifically based tool that allows a person to find the best option to achieve his goal. It seems to push the subject to evaluate the correctness of already established beliefs, to approach them critically, rechecking their life attitudes and correlating them with patterns that have existed for many years, universal values, worldviews, behavior patterns. Philosophy does not allow the worldview to become one-sided, sliding into some one extreme.

Findings site

1. The worldview also includes philosophy. Any philosophy can be considered a worldview based on rationality and consistency, because it is a system of views on the world and the place of the individual in it. And here is the concept outlook much broader concept philosophy.
2. The worldview is closely connected with the practical attitude of a person to the world, and philosophy is the theoretical basis on which the views and ideas of the individual are based.
3. The personal element in the worldview is more pronounced than in philosophy: these two concepts differ in the level of generalization.
4. The worldview can be quite chaotic, often forming spontaneously. Philosophy relies primarily on the intellect and reason, it brings a theoretical basis to beliefs, revealing patterns, reasonedly considering worldview problems and offering universal solutions that have been tested for decades.
5. Philosophy is the most recent type of worldview in historical terms.
6. Any philosophy, in contrast to the worldview, requires mandatory justification.