Religion is one of the forms of culture. "religion as a form of culture" What is characteristic of religious consciousness

Religion is one of the most ancient forms of culture, having a huge impact on all other forms of culture. Religion (from lat. religare - bind) - a person's desire for life in unity with supernatural forces (God, the Absolute), embodying the highest perfection, power and meaning of being.

Religion is based on faith, expressed in worldview, attitude, cult (worship of a deity) and in various forms of association of believers (church, community, etc.).

There are various prerequisites (roots) of religion:

· epistemological, associated with the limited cognitive capabilities of a person, his inability to explain any facts and phenomena of reality;

psychological, related to the psychological conditions of human existence (psychological problems, fear, anxiety);

socio-cultural, related to the social conditions of people's lives (for example, the ruling classes are interested in the religiosity of the lower classes, as this helps them defend their interests);

Anthropological, determined by the characteristics of a person as a special, unique natural being (for example, a person's desire for the transcendent).

Functions of religion:

¨ mideological function: any religion expresses a certain view of the world, man, society; answers the "ultimate" questions of human existence; the problems it solves are ideological, meaningful;

¨ ToOmpenator function: religion compensates for the limitations, dependence, impotence of people. In psychological terms, compensation is consolation, hope and pleasure, stress relief;

¨ ToOmmatnative function realized in communication a) believers with each other; b) believers with God, angels, souls of the dead, saints, etc.;

¨ ReGstITive function: through certain ideas, values,

attitudes, norms, religion affects the behavior of people, groups, communities;

¨ integrating-disintegrating function: Religion unites people who adhere to the same faith, creating single system values; but it also divides people who hold different religious views;

¨ TostbTatRbut-translating function: religion contributed to the development of writing, printing, art, and therefore contributed to the accumulation and transmission of cultural heritage from generation to generation;

¨ leGimitating-delegitimizing function: religion gives the status of legitimacy to institutions, norms, models, or, conversely, asserts their illegality.

Typologies of religions

Depending on people's ideas about God, religions are divided into:

1) monotheistic (belief in one God);

2) polytheistic ( pagan religions, Eastern cults - belief in many gods);

3) transformed into a religion philosophical teachings(Buddhism,

Confucianism).

In terms of prevalence:

1) world religions (Islam, Buddhism, Christianity);

2) local, national religions (characteristic of one people or region - Judaism, Shintoism, Taoism).

National, local religions are religions that have not gone beyond the boundaries of one country or region.

Hinduism is a historical and cultural tradition of the peoples of India. There are now more than 750 million followers of Hinduism.

The religious ideas of the Indians became more complex over time, from simple anthropomorphic ones they evolved to more abstract views. So

the religious and philosophical system of Brahminism was formed. Its origin is attributed to the X-VII centuries. BC. What does the religious-philosophical system of Brahmanism include? According to Sankhya, there are two actively intertwined principles - prakriti (matter and energy) and purusha (here, unlike the first man of the Rigveda, it is a spiritual principle). The relationship of purusha and prakriti is the root cause of the emergence and existence of the entire phenomenal world.

Doasism. The formation of Taoism in China dates back to the beginning of the Han era (VI century BC), its development and strengthening went in parallel with the spread of Confucianism. Do-Asism and Confucianism constituted two interrelated religious and philosophical trends in the spiritual life of Chinese society. Lao Tzu is recognized as the founder of the philosophical and religious doctrine of Doasism. Researchers suggest that this is a mythological person. This teaching is based on the categories of Tao and Te, fundamental for all classical Chinese thought. Tao (literally - the way) is the Great Law and the Absolute at the same time. Taoists usually speak of two Daos. "Nameless Tao" gives rise to the universe,

"Named Tao" creates concrete things. Tao is inextricably linked with Te (grace). Te is an emanation (outflow) of Tao. It can be said that Tao and Te are correlated as generative and generated principles. "Tao gives birth to things, Te nourishes them, educates them, matures them, cares for them." ("Tao Te Ching", No. 51).

Confucianism is the basis of the spiritual and religious life of China. It originated in the VI century. BC. The combination of religiosity and rationalism in Confucianism allowed this denomination to play the role of a spiritual and ideological regulator public life China. The creator of this doctrine is Confucius. In Confucianism, an important place is occupied by the cult of ancestors. The idea of ​​honoring the traditions that developed in antiquity runs like a red thread. In this case, they act in the form of a ritual, a kind of canonical set of rules of conduct.

Shintoism. Shinto (literally - the way of the gods) is the national religion of the Japanese people. Already in the I-III centuries. AD In Japan, there were objects of worship and rituals characteristic of Shinto. Shintoism is tolerant of other religions, fully allowing the worship of both "one's own" and other gods at the same time. In practice, the purpose and meaning of Shinto is to assert the identity ancient history Japan and the divine origin of the Japanese people. Shinto contains the idea of ​​the blood unity of the Japanese and the idea of ​​the divinity of political power, which united the people into one family, a single state.

Judaism is the first monotheistic religion. Judaism is sometimes called the religion of Moses, after the spiritual and political leader of the Jews. In the religious consciousness of the Jews, Yahweh takes on the image of the Creator of the world, the bearer of all things and

the patron saint of the Jews - the "chosen people". Torah and Talmud - "holy books"

World religions - these religions have gone beyond one country and covered many countries.

Buddhism - world religion. It arose in the VI century. BC. The founder of this teaching is Buddha Gautama. Philosophical Foundations Buddhism: there is no idea of ​​God - the creator of the universe and the provider of world events. Real things and events are considered in Buddhism to be a manifestation of a huge number of dharmas - peculiar elements of the psychophysical world. In Buddhism, there are five initial requirements: do not kill any living being, do not take someone else's, do not lie, do not commit adultery, do not drink intoxicating drinks.

Christianity is a world religion, originated among the Jews in the 1st century BC. AD The founder of Christianity is Jesus Christ. There are three denominations in Christianity: Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism.

1. Orthodoxy. In the interpretation of the dogma of the Trinity, the focus is on God the Father, and only from him is the procession of the Holy Spirit recognized. The traditions of the seven sacraments are observed. The main rituals of the cult: prayers, the sign of the cross, the baring of the head in front of the icon, kneeling, listening to teachings, participation in the service. The main holiday of Orthodoxy is Easter.

2. Catholicism (translated from gr. - ecumenical). The dogma of Catholicism, in many respects close to Orthodoxy, has some peculiarities. In Catholicism, a peculiar understanding of the Trinity was established: the procession of the Holy Spirit is recognized not only from God the Father, but also from God the Son (“filioque”). Hence the increased attention to the human way of Jesus, main holiday- Christmas, the main symbol is the crucifix. Such an understanding of the triune essence of God laid in Catholicism a huge humanistic potential, which is manifested, in particular, in the sublime veneration of the Virgin Mary.

3. Protestantism. In the XVI century. Europe was swept by the Reformation - a movement to transform the church in the spirit of evangelical ideals. Protestantism orients a person towards personal communion with God. Hence the right of every person to read and discuss the Bible. The main worship services are Bible reading, preaching, individual and collective prayers, singing of religious hymns. Rejected the cult of the Virgin, saints, icons and relics.

Islam is a world religion. Translated from Arabic, "Islam" means obedience. Islam originated in the 7th century. AD The merchant Mohammed is the founder of Islam. The Quran and Sunnah are the "holy books" of Muslims. Islam recognizes five religious rules of faith: ash - shahada - confession of faith; as - salad (prayer) - prayer; as - saum

Fast; az - zakat - a tax in favor of the poor; hajj - pilgrimage.

Detailed solution Paragraph § 12 on social science for students of grade 8, authors Bogolyubov L. N., Gorodetskaya N. I., Ivanova L. F. 2016

Question 1. What is religion? When did the first religions appear? Which modern religions have the largest number of believers?

Religion is a special form of understanding the world, due to belief in the supernatural, which includes a set of moral norms and types of behavior, rituals, cult actions and the unification of people in organizations (church, religious community).

Religions appeared in the form of various beliefs (which at that time did not have a clear organization similar to the modern one) almost simultaneously with the appearance of mankind.

According to the available this moment According to information about the Paleolithic period, at least towards the end of this era, ancient people developed what we might call religion or spiritual relationships. This is indicated by their ritual burial customs and rock paintings in caves that they had by that time. People probably believed that the natural world was inhabited by gods or deities, or even that various objects and places, such as rocks or groves, were themselves alive. Religious beliefs and practices - as we might imagine them - have shaped the social fabric, as it were, linking communities together and making them more efficient.

Under world religions it is customary to understand Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. In order for a religion to be considered global, it must have a significant number of followers around the world and, at the same time, must not be associated with any national or state community. In addition, when considering religion as a world religion, its influence on the course of history and the scale of distribution is taken into account.

Question 2. Why does a person believe in the influence of supernatural forces on his life and the development of society? Why the active development of science and dissemination scientific knowledge do not reduce the number of believers?

A person must believe in something, without faith his life will be empty, devoid of hope, meaning, confidence in the future, etc. When a person has some kind of seemingly hopeless situation, and there is absolutely no one to turn to, he turns to God, i.e. to supernatural forces, sincerely asks, and help comes, it would seem, from nowhere. So how can you not believe in miracles after that? Naturally, we believe that someone from above sees everything and controls us. For evil deeds, a person is punished, for good deeds, a person is rewarded. The law of balance works, in my opinion, this is fair.

Because, although science is strong, it cannot explain many things. There are cases that you can’t call other than miracles, they contradict all laws, all known truths. That is why the number of believers does not decrease and will never decrease.

Question 3. Why, according to the philosopher, evidence of the existence of God cannot be reliable? How do you understand the idea of ​​gradual development of religious experience and religious thinking?

All this evidence cannot give unconditional reliability. Like existence outside world, so the existence of the Divine principle for reason is only probabilities or conditional truths, they can be affirmed only by faith.

Question 4. What is religion?

Religion is a special form of understanding the world, due to belief in the supernatural, which includes a set of moral norms and types of behavior, rituals, cult actions and the unification of people in organizations.

Other definitions of religion:

The doctrine of the reunion of man with God.

One of the forms public consciousness; a set of spiritual ideas based on belief in supernatural forces and beings (deities, spirits) that are the subject of worship.

Organized worship of higher powers.

Spiritual formation, a special type of a person's attitude to the world and himself, due to ideas about other being as a reality dominating in relation to everyday existence.

The belief in the existence of some invisible order and that the highest good is to harmoniously fit into this order.

Question 5. What is characteristic of religious faith?

Any religion assumes the existence of a mysterious connection between man and God (or other supernatural forces), the worship of these forces, the possibility of human interaction with them.

Religious faith is always associated with the belief in the presence of some supernatural forces that influence in one way or another the fate of a person, the life of society. The supernatural, according to religious people, does not obey the laws of the surrounding world, but it does not belong to the realm of fantasy.

Religious faith is also certain experiences, feelings of a person, manifested in relation to God (or other supernatural forces).

A religious person is convinced of the reality of contact with God, that God in one way or another affects the fate of individuals and entire nations, and that a believer has channels of communication with him, for example, by saying a prayer or making a sacrifice. The believer believes that God makes certain demands on his behavior and can call to account for their failure, although most religions allow the possibility of establishing a good relationship between man and God and a chance for a person to propitiate a deity. To do this, a person performs certain actions - rituals, each element of which is filled with deep religious meaning and reflects the fundamental ideas of religion. The pinnacle of ritual actions is prayer - the direct verbal appeal of a person to God.

Question 6. What is the significance of religion in society?

Religion performs a number of significant social functions.

It regulates the behavior of people in society. First, believers must observe certain rules, perform established religious activities. Secondly, religion combines the moral experience of generations of people and creates certain general principles of coexistence in society.

Religion not only makes demands on human behavior, but also encourages him to develop certain positive qualities e.g. kindness, mercy, moderation.

Religion is not only the rules of behavior, but also a certain view of the world, the essence of man and his place in the world.

Removes the difficult psychological state of a person, allows him to feel relief, an influx of strength. Of course, religion is not able to solve many real problems of a person (illnesses, financial difficulties, family troubles), but it is able to change the attitude of a person himself to these problems, give him new guidelines and life incentives.

Religion is also able to save a person from loneliness, to expand the circle of his communication. A person interacts with other believers within a religious community, he can find himself.

Question 7. List and briefly describe the main types of religious organizations.

Religious organizations include the church, sects and organizations built around a prominent religious leader.

The church unites the followers of any religious creed, jointly conducting divine services. It is characterized by a clear division of believers into clergy (clergy) and laity (ordinary believers), and the clergy themselves occupy an unequal position in the church hierarchy. Most churches have official religious leaders, such as the Pope for catholic church, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' for Russian Orthodox Church. Many churches have a certain territorial structure, for example, in a number of Christian churches, dioceses have been allocated, headed by archbishops and bishops. Any church develops a system of immutable foundations of doctrine and rituals.

A sect usually arises as a result of the separation from the church of a part of the laity and clergy, who oppose themselves to the rest of the believers. The number of members of the sect, as a rule, is limited, and the division into laity and clergy is eliminated, the ideas of equality of all members of the organization are proclaimed. An important feature of the sect is the claim to the exclusivity of its religious attitudes, the conviction in the "chosenness of God" and absolute intolerance of dissent. Sectarians seek to isolate themselves from other religious organizations, to leave worldly life. In addition, sects quite tightly control the lives of their adherents, sometimes depriving them of the opportunity to dispose of their property, act freely, think, communicate, and create.

Religious organizations of the sectarian type can be built around a prominent religious figure. The head of such an organization proclaims himself and is recognized by its participants as God (a new incarnation of God) or a representative of God (some supernatural power) and the bearer of absolute truth. It is the head of the organization that is the most important object of religious worship of its members.

Question 8. What is the principle of freedom of conscience? How is it implemented in our country?

Freedom of conscience is usually understood as the right of a person to independently form his own convictions and express them openly, without prejudice to the freedom of other people and society as a whole. These beliefs can apply to a wide variety of areas. human life: religions, attitudes towards people, work, creativity, the state. We can say that freedom of conscience is the right of every person to some independence of his spiritual life from society and the state.

Representatives of many of the world's most widespread religions live in the Russian Federation. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism and other religions are an integral part of the historical heritage of the peoples of Russia.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the norms of international law, guarantees the implementation in our country of the principle of freedom of conscience and freedom of religion. All religions on the territory of our country are equal, there is no state, official religion. The state guarantees all believers the opportunity to freely practice their worship. Young people who are liable for military service (i.e. subject to military conscription) can perform alternative civilian service if military service is contrary to their religious beliefs.

IN modern Russia the church is separated from the state, i.e. the state does not interfere in the internal life of religious organizations, does not finance their activities and does not promote some of them. Religious organizations, in turn, should not interfere in matters government controlled.

Russian legislation provides equal access for representatives of all religions and atheists to basic, secondary and vocational education. In addition, it is prohibited to promote any religion or atheism in mandatory classes in public educational institutions.

Question 9. Compose short message about the main ideas and symbols of the most widespread religions in your region.

Christianity is an Abrahamic world religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as described in the New Testament. Christians believe that Jesus of Nazareth is the Messiah, the Son of God and the Savior of mankind. Christians do not doubt the historicity of Jesus Christ.

Christianity is the largest world religion both in terms of the number of adherents, which are about 2.3 billion, and in terms of geographical distribution - in every country in the world there is at least one Christian community.

The largest currents in Christianity are Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Protestantism. In 1054, the Christian Church split into Western (Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox).

Christianity arose in the 1st century in Palestine, which at that time was under the rule of the Roman Empire.

Islam is a monotheistic Abrahamic world religion. The word "Islam" is translated as "giving oneself to God", "submission", "submission" (to the laws of Allah). In Sharia terminology, Islam is complete, absolute monotheism, submission to Allah, His orders and prohibitions; removal from polytheism and giving partners to Allah.

Islam originated in the 7th century in the sermons of Muhammad, who is a prophet for Muslims. According to the teachings of Islam, the prophets and messengers, including those previously sent by Musa (Moses) and Isa ibn Maryam (Jesus Christ), went to different nations to guide peoples on the path to monotheism, however, over time, people began to fall into error, and some began to distort faith, introducing into Holy Scriptures their own views.

Adherents of Islam are called Muslims. The language of worship is classical Arabic. In the world at the moment there are, according to various estimates, from about 1.2 to 1.57 billion Muslims.

Question 10. Imagine that your friend asked you for advice on the choice of religion. What arguments could you give to justify caution in this matter? What elements of religions would you advise to pay special attention to?

Everyone can find a religion to their taste. If you advise something, you must be aware of the customs, use the character of a friend, his outlook on life in choosing, because each religion has its own philosophy. You need to pay attention to the people professing this religion, to bring out the common features of these people. After all, if he/she follows this religion, sooner or later he will acquire these qualities.

Question 11. Visitors to one of the Internet sites were discussing an article by a journalist that religion, with its miracles and supernatural powers, is leading young people away from studying physics, biology and other natural sciences. Express and justify your attitude to the journalist's opinion.

The state and society should be interested in educating not religious, but deeply and comprehensively educated citizens who own modern scientific knowledge and technologies, active, creatively oriented individuals with a purposeful will, a consciousness of personal civic responsibility for what is happening in the country, capable of providing social, spiritual and the economic progress of the nation.

Question 12. The writer V. Nabokov said: “It is not guided tours that come to God, but lonely travelers.” How do you understand these words?

Everyone comes to faith on their own, having come a long way before that. No one ever leads someone by the hand to decisions, we ourselves make a moral choice.

Poll 1. What is science? 2. 3 meanings of science. 3. Distinguishing features of science as a system of knowledge 4. For scientists, an important ethical issue is related to 1) the use of scientific discoveries in education 2) the use of scientific achievements in business 3) the use of scientific achievements for inhumane purposes

Poll 1. Science as a field of activity of scientists engaged in scientific research 2. The term technopark means 1) an entertainment center using the latest achievements 2) collections scientific works 3) modern scientific and production associations 4) commercial organizations selling patents for scientific discoveries 3. Features of science as a system of organizations and institutions

Answer the test question. Are the judgments about modern science correct: A) Modern society requires the development of technical ideas from science B) modern science develops only in connection with the development of technology 1) Only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) A and B are correct; 4) both judgments are wrong.

Increasing role of modern science (72-74, question 5) What are the functions of science? 1. Cultural and ideological - forms a worldview, scientific ideas are part of general education, culture 2. Cognitive and explanatory - science becomes a factor in the production process, the development of technology is increasingly dependent on the success of scientific research 3. Prognostic - science data are used to develop plans and programs social and economic development, to manage cultural processes

The concept of religion (r.t.assignment 1) 1. What is religion - a set of spiritual ideas based on the belief in the existence of God, gods, supernatural forces, as well as the corresponding behavior and specific actions of the approach to determining the meaning of the concept of religion: Relegere–« be treated with special reverence” Religare – “to connect, connect” What signs of the concept of religion affect each of the approaches?

Features of religious faith (textbook 76-77) 1. What is faith? Faith is a personal, emotional attitude of a person to some information that he is ready to recognize as true (or false) without evidence and justification (communication, knowledge). 2. What is characteristic of religious consciousness (RT, task 2).

Features of religious faith (76-77). 1) conviction in the existence of supernatural forces 2) conviction in the impact of supernatural forces on a person’s life and society as a whole, a person experiences love, fear 3) conviction in the possibility of a person’s contact with supernatural forces Rite - actions, each element of which is filled with a deep religious meaning Prayer - direct verbal appeal of a person to God

The role of religion in the life of society (77-78). Functions of religion and their essence 1. Regulatory - regulates the behavior of people in society, believers must follow certain rules, perform religious actions 2 Educational - encourages the development of certain positive qualities 3. Worldview - gives an answer to eternal human questions: how did the Earth originate? 4. Psychological (compensatory)

The functions of religion and their essence 4. Psychological (compensatory) - relieves a person’s difficult psychological state 5. Communicative - can save a person from loneliness, expand his social circle 6. Integrative - religion, religious leaders united society to solve some significant problem

Religious organizations and associations. Their signs. 1. Church - unites followers of any creed 1. A clear division of believers into clergy and laity 2. church hierarchy 3. The presence of religious leaders 4. Development of a system of immutable foundations of dogma (dogmas), rituals.

Religious organizations. Their signs. 2. Sect - arises as a result of separation from the church of part of the laity and clergy, opposing the rest of the believers 1. Limited numbers, the division into laity and clergy is eliminated 2. The idea of ​​​​equality of all members of the organization 3. Claim for the exclusivity of religious attitudes, intolerance of dissent 4. Rigid control over the lives of their adherents, depriving them of the opportunity to dispose of property.

Freedom of conscience, freedom of religion (80-81) 1. Freedom of conscience - the right of the individual to form and defend their convictions, life principles. 2. Freedom of religion - the exclusive right of free religious choice of a person, which religion to profess or to abandon religion altogether, standing on the position of atheism.

How is the principle of freedom of conscience implemented in our country? (80-81) 1. Equality of citizens, regardless of their attitude to religion 2. The state guarantees all believers the opportunity to freely practice their worship 3. The church is separated from the state, religious organizations should not interfere in government issues 4. Equal access for representatives of all religions and atheists to receive a basic secondary, vocational education.

Answer the test question Are the judgments about freedom of conscience correct: A) freedom of conscience is a person's right to independence of spiritual life B) the right to freedom of conscience is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation? 1) Only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) A and B are correct; 4) both judgments are wrong.

1. Write down the definition of the concept.

Religion is a set of spiritual ideas based on the belief in the existence of God, supernatural forces, and, accordingly, behavior and actions.

2. What is characteristic of religious consciousness?

Faith in God, certain rituals, prayers.

3. What functions does religion perform in the life of a person and society? List the functions and give examples of the implementation of each of them. Fill in the table.

4. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

Religion is one form 3 (A), a way of practical - spiritual exploration of the world by an individual, 6 (B) society as a whole.
In the structure of religion, there are2 (B), cult, religious relations, institutions and organizations. Religious consciousness presupposes belief in the existence 5 (D) influencing the activity of the individual and society, the possibility of communicating with these forces and influencing them. Thanks to religious faith, certain persons, objects, texts are endowed with religious significance and 1 (E) and are included in the cult.
Scientists identify polytheistic4 (E) and monotheistic (monotheistic) religions. There are also tribal or archaic (shamanism, quackery, magic, etc.), national (for example, Hinduism, Judaism) and 7 (G) (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam).

Choose sequentially one word after another, filling in each gap.

1) symbolic meaning
2) religious consciousness
3) spiritual life
4) polytheism
5) supernatural powers
6) social group
7) world religions

A-3 B-6 C-2 D-5 E-1 F-4 F-7

5. Read the extracts from the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations" and complete the tasks.

Article 3. The right to freedom of conscience and freedom of religion.

1. The Russian Federation guarantees freedom of conscience and freedom of religion, including the right to profess individually or jointly with others any religion or not to profess any, to freely choose and change, to have and disseminate religious and other beliefs and to act in accordance with them...
3. Establishing benefits, restrictions or other forms of discrimination depending on the attitude to religion is not allowed.
4. Citizens of the Russian Federation are equal before the law in all areas of civil, political, economic, social and cultural life, regardless of their attitude to religion and religious affiliation. A citizen of the Russian Federation, if military service is contrary to his beliefs or religion, has the right to replace it with alternative civilian service.
5. No one is obliged to report their attitude to religion.... It is prohibited to involve minors in religious associations, as well as teaching minors religion against their will and without the consent of their parents or persons replacing them....

Article 4. State and religious associations.

1. Russian Federation - secular state. No religion can be established as a state or obligatory one. Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law.

1) What, according to the law, includes freedom of conscience and freedom of religion (underline the relevant provision of the law)?

2) Consider why the performance of military service for believers, if necessary, is replaced by an alternative civilian service, and not abolished altogether.

The law is the same for everyone. Therefore, military service cannot be cancelled. You can only replace it.

3) For what purpose, in your opinion, does the law specifically stipulate the right of citizens not to disclose their attitude to religion?

The choice of religion is a personal matter for each person.

4) How does the law protect the rights of minors (underline the relevant provision of the law)?

Why is it necessary to do this?

Involvement in religious associations against the will of a minor and without parental consent is prohibited.

5) What, according to the law, does the term "secular state" mean (underline the relevant provision of the law)?

6. Sociologists interviewed 1,600 Russians to find out their attitude towards religion. It turned out that some of the respondents who declared their faith in God also believe in other supernatural forces. The data obtained are shown in the diagram. Analyze the survey data.

1) How many of the respondents believe only in the existence of God?

56%

2) What other supernatural powers do the respondents believe in?

In aliens, sorcery and magic.

3) Draw three conclusions from the given data.

Least of all respondents believe in aliens. (6%)
Most believe only in God.
21% of respondents believe in God and omens.

4) Explain one of your findings.

Only 6% of respondents believe in aliens, because their existence has not yet been proven.

Religion as one of the forms of culture Subject: social studies, Grade 8. Lesson type: lesson of studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge Aims and objectives of the lesson:  To generalize and systematize the knowledge about religion obtained earlier in other subjects.  In accordance with the age-related cognitive abilities of students, reveal the functions of religion.  Describe the main types of religious organizations (church, sect, etc.).   Explain to students the content of articles 14, 28 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. To promote the education of schoolchildren of such qualities as respect, tolerance, tolerance. Equipment:  Multimedia equipment (computer, projector, screen);  Presentation on the topics: “Religion as one of the forms of culture”  Textbooks “Social science”, grade 8, under. Ed. L.N. Bogolyubova, 2015. Lesson plan (main questions for learning new material):  What is religion (updating knowledge).  Features of religious faith.    The role of religion in the life of society. Religious organizations and associations. Freedom of conscience, freedom of religion. Answering the questions at the beginning of the paragraph (the heading "Remember"), we update knowledge about religion, about the history of its occurrence. Lesson progress What is religion?   a set of spiritual ideas based on the belief in the existence of God or gods, supernatural forces, as well as appropriate behavior and specific actions (see dictionary); a certain system of views, due to belief in the supernatural, which includes a set of moral norms and types of behavior, rituals, religious actions and the unification of people in organizations (church, religious community). When did the first religions appear? The origin of religion took place many centuries ago (about 40 thousand years ago, early religious ideas arose). Scientists believe that in this way people tried to explain to themselves how and why they were born, what their purpose was, etc. Ancient people tried to appease the mysterious forces, "to conjure luck." They tried with the help of various rituals (songs, dances, drawings, ritual actions) to influence nature. Magic, witchcraft, belief in good and evil spirits among primitive people testify to the emergence of religious beliefs, the beginnings of religion. Which modern religions have the largest number of believers?

The largest (by number of followers) religion in the world is Christianity; throughout the 20th century, the share of Christians in the total population of the Earth practically did not change, remaining equal to 3334%. Islam is considered the second world religion (23% of the world's population). The number of unbelievers and atheists is highly debatable and is estimated by various studies at 1116% of the world's population. A significant proportion of the world's population are Hindus (14-15%), Buddhists (7%) and supporters of traditional beliefs. Peculiarities of Religious Faith Answering the questions of the “Let's Think” section (Why does a person believe in the influence of supernatural forces on his life and the development of society? Why does the active development of science and the dissemination of scientific knowledge not reduce the number of believers?), we reveal the features of religious consciousness. Working with concepts. Analysis of religious faith. Faith is a personal, emotional attitude of a person to some information that he is ready to recognize as true (or false) without evidence or justification. Religious faith is the certainty of real existence supernatural beings, special qualities of individual objects. Religious faith is certain experiences, feelings of a person (for example, love, reverence, fear), manifested in relation to God (or other supernatural forces). The role of religion in the life of society We systematize and enrich with theoretical knowledge the personal social experience of students. Working with paragraph text (p. 9798). We define the functions of religion.   Regulates people's behavior (regulating); Educates a person (educational);  Gives an answer to eternal human questions (worldview);   Removes the severe psychological state of a person (psychological/compensatory); Able to save a person from loneliness (communicative);

 Unites society or generates enmity (integrative). Religious organizations and associations    church; sects; organizations built around a vibrant religious leader. ! Pay attention to the differences between sects and the church. Freedom of conscience, freedom of religion Work with the concepts and materials of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Conscience is the most important internal controller of human behavior, evaluating our actions from the standpoint of the ideas of good and evil accepted in society. Freedom of conscience is the right of every person to some independence of his spiritual life from society and the state. Freedom of religion - the right to independently choose which religion to profess, or to abandon religion altogether, taking the position of atheism. Atheism is a system of views and beliefs that denies the existence of God, any supernatural forces. Article 14 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation 1. The Russian Federation is a secular state. No religion can be established as a state or obligatory one. 2. Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law. Article 28 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, including the right to profess individually or jointly with others any religion or not to profess any, freely choose, have and disseminate religious and other beliefs and act in accordance with them. We conclude:   everyone in our society is free to decide which religion to profess or be an atheist; we must respect everyone's choice. Summing up the lesson and consolidating the knowledge gained. Filling in the table for correlating terms and their definitions. The term Faith The definition of the right of every person to some independence of his spiritual life from society and the state Freedom of conscience is confidence in the real existence of supernatural beings, special qualities in individual objects Atheism is a set of spiritual ideas based on the belief in the existence of God or gods, supernatural forces, as well as appropriate behavior and specific actions Religion is a personal, emotional attitude of a person to some information that he is ready to recognize as true (or false) without evidence and justification

Religious faith a system of views and beliefs that denies the existence of God, any supernatural forces Reflection Each student chooses 12 sentences and completes them orally or in writing in a notebook:         today I learned ... it was difficult ... I understood that… I learned… I was able… it was interesting to know what… surprised me… I wanted to… etc. Information about homework  Item 12, questions after the paragraph on page 101;  individual tasks: o Pg. 101 questions 4 “In class and at home” (separate sheet); o Page 103 question 5 “Questions for repetition” (oral) Material used 1. Baranov P.A. Social science. Full express tutor. - Moscow: Astrel, 2013. 2. Social science. Grade 8: textbook. for general education organizations, ed. L.N. Bogolyubova, M. : Education, 2015. 3. Social science. Lesson developments. Grade 8: textbook. allowance for general education. Organizations / L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova and others - M .: Education, 2016.