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Sport and culture in philosophy. Program of the course "Philosophical and social problems of physical culture and sports

Foreword

/5/ Although the philosophical discipline, which in this book is denoted by the term " philosophy of physical culture and sports”, is relatively young, but it is becoming increasingly important in the system of philosophy and “sports science” . The increase in its significance is determined primarily by the complex and contradictory nature of the development of sports, its inextricable connection with all parties. public life(economics, politics, culture, etc.), the intensive development of scientific research in the field of sports and the need to significantly increase their effectiveness. Particularly relevant is the philosophical understanding of the Olympic movement, which is inextricably linked with sports and has received an unusually wide development in modern world.

The importance of understanding the philosophical problems of sports in 1927 drew attention famous philosopher Max Scheler: “It is unlikely that any other phenomenon in the world today deserves such a deep socio-philosophical and psychological study as sport” [Cit. after: Guttman, 1978: VII].

When at a meeting dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the German Sports Association, the then Federal Chancellor at the beginning of his report said: “Sports have always been too much philosophized, but it’s better to just do more of them,” the famous German philosopher and Olympic champion Hans Lenk, objecting to him, said: “On the contrary, in recent years there has been too little philosophizing about sports” [cit. in: Court, 1988: 230].

/6/ Some researchers point out that sport is of interest to philosophers not only in itself, but also as an ideal phenomenon, based on the study of which one can test the basic philosophical concepts.

Increasing attention of philosophers is also attracted by problems related to such sociocultural phenomena as bodily (somatic, physical) culture and physical culture (personality-oriented) motor activity, which in the title of the philosophical discipline under discussion are designated by the term "Physical Culture". On the one hand, this is due to the fact that Lately V public consciousness a real cult of the body is being formed, which serves as the basis for the conclusion about cardinal changes (and even a “revolution”) in the attitude of a modern person to his corporality, on the other hand, an increase in the role and importance of physical culture motor activity in the life of a modern person.

The increasing attention of philosophers to the problems of sports and human corporality is evidenced, for example, by the fact that the program of the XXIII World Philosophical Congress "Philosophy as Cognition and a Way of Life" (Greece, August 4-10, 2013) included sections "Philosophy of Sports ” and “Philosophy of corporality”.

The monograph primarily addresses the problem introduce the reader to the world philosophy of physical culture and sports. The world of this philosophy has its own specific and complex language, its own system of concepts, many different approaches to solving certain problems, etc. In this regard, the author of the monograph seeks to help the reader in understanding the main aspects of this philosophical discipline: /7/

♦ substantiate the applicability and expediency of a philosophical approach to the study of physical culture and sports;

♦ on the basis of this, determine the problems of their philosophical analysis, to acquaint the reader with the most important, and at the same time complex problems of the philosophical discipline in which it is carried out;

♦ clarify the place of the philosophy of physical culture and sports in the system of philosophy and "sports science";

♦ show its theoretical and practical significance.

The specificity of the subject (problems, research problems and tasks) of the philosophy of physical culture and sports, as can be seen from its very name, is due to the fact that when analyzing physical culture and sports, as well as other related phenomena, it focuses on goals and objectives philosophical research, uses the appropriate conceptual apparatus and methods. Therefore, a monograph sometimes gives a brief description of philosophy, certain philosophical concepts and methods. However, as a rule, it is assumed that the reader already has a fairly complete and deep understanding of this.

Another task of the monograph is to present information about a huge palette of diverse opinions, approaches, concepts on the discussed complex and debatable philosophical problems of physical culture and sports. Therefore, the text of the monograph contains numerous references to publications of domestic and foreign philosophers.

In the monograph, perhaps, for the first time an attempt was made to present approaches to the development of philosophical problems of physical culture and sports, as well as the corresponding philosophical discipline, researchers various countries.

In domestic publications, as a rule, there is no complete information about those works on this topic that are published in countries Western Europe, Canada and America. /8/ On the other hand, in the works of the philosophers of these countries, as a rule, publications in Russia and in the countries of Eastern Europe on philosophical problems of physical culture and sports.

List of publications of philosophers mentioned in this monograph different countries- it is in fact bibliography work on these issues. Such a bibliography has not yet existed not only in domestic, but also in foreign philosophy. In domestic philosophy, no attempts were made to develop it before, and in foreign publications, as a rule, there are no references to the works of philosophers of Russia and other countries of Eastern Europe [see, for example, DeSensi, 1985–1987; Osterhoudt, 1998; Osterhoudt, Simon B., Volkwein, 2000; Philosophical inquiry… 1995].

The bibliography presented in this book will help readers to enter the world of philosophy of physical culture and sports, to get acquainted with the problems of this philosophical discipline and approaches to their solution. In addition, bibliographic references allow not to analyze all aspects of these philosophical problems. If desired, the reader can refer to the recommended publications. Thus, the book provides him with the opportunity to evaluate various arguments and form his own position on the philosophical problems under discussion.

I make it my task to bring to the judgment of readers and your concept philosophy of physical culture and sports. It is based on the results of the development of the problems of dialectics, the dialectical method, logical-methodological and other problems. general philosophy(during my work at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1959 to 1972), as well as philosophical, sociological, cultural, pedagogical and other problems of sports, sports education, physical culture, physical education, the Olympic movement, Olympic education, etc. ( during the period of work in the SCOLIFC from 1972 to the present). /9/ In this monograph, an attempt is made to generalize, systematize, concretize and supplement the previously obtained results of the development of the philosophy of physical culture and sports.

For the convenience of readers, the monograph is divided into 4 books.

First the book is dedicated metaphilosophical analysis philosophy of physical culture and sports. This means that the object of this philosophical analysis are not physical culture and sports, but philosophy itself physical culture and sports as a special philosophical discipline. The purpose of such an analysis is to find out what it is, what it studies, what problems it poses and solves, what significance it has, what place it occupies in the system of philosophical disciplines and "sports sciences", what are its paradigmatic foundations, the history of formation and development etc. In connection with the analysis of the general methodological foundations of this philosophical discipline, some logical and methodological problems research of physical culture and sports.

In the next three books, the object of philosophical research is already not philosophy physical culture and sports, and these sociocultural phenomena themselves. The 2nd book analyzes socio-philosophical problems physical education, in the 3rd - socio-philosophical problems sports, in the 4th - socio-philosophical problems Olympic Movement.

The monograph is aimed not only at professional philosophers, but at all who are interested in philosophy and who are trying to understand the meaning and significance of the philosophical problems of physical culture and sports. /10/ It can serve as a kind of guidebook for readers on philosophy analyzing these issues, relevant concepts and publications.

I. Historical outline

/11/ This section of the book sets several tasks related to the formation and development of the philosophy of physical culture and sports:

♦ determine the main stages in the formation and development of this philosophical discipline;

♦ determine the contribution of researchers from different countries to the formation and development of the philosophy of physical culture and sports;

♦ give an overview of the main publications on the philosophical problems of physical culture and sports.

1. Evolution of philosophical reflection of physical culture and sports

The philosophical study of the problems of physical culture and sports is characterized by a long path of evolution.

The genetic roots of this process go back to ancient times. This refers not to the use of the term "philosophical studies of physical culture and sports" and not to some special philosophical disciplines that analyze these phenomena, but to the nature of research issues.

It is already known that Plato addressed the theme of the meaning of gymnastic education, a sports spectacle and the values of human corporality. /12/ Some problems of sports rivalry and physical exercises were touched upon in their works by such well-known philosophers as René Descartes, Friedrich Schiller, José Ortega y Gasset, Johan Huizinga, Jean Paul Sartre, Karl Jaspers, Gabriel Honore Marcel, George Santayana, and such classics of sociology as Herbert Spencer, Georg Simmel, Max Weber, Max Scheler, Florian Znaniecki and etc.

Questions about the social nature and social significance of physical exercise and sports were also discussed in the writings of utopian socialists and Renaissance philosophers.

Certain sports also became the subject of philosophical reflection. Thus, in modern times in Western Europe, as well as in Japan, many treatises were devoted to the "philosophy of fencing" [Kruglov, 2000]. Tennis was of great interest to philosophers. European poetry of the 17th century. he was a constant subject of philosophical allegories [Shestakov V.P., 2002].

But, of course, in all these cases, we are not talking about the emergence of a developed theory that has the status of a philosophy of sports or a philosophy of physical (corporeal) culture. These were some philosophical ideas, woven into the general concept of the world and man, reflections, far from the main subject of interest of these philosophers. The philosophical understanding of sports and human corporeality was at a low level, since these phenomena were considered in philosophy as superficial, trivial and frivolous aspects of social life, in contrast to economics, politics, professional activities, which were considered important, serious and essential. Therefore, they did not constitute the subject of an independent philosophical science, but were studied within the framework of other disciplines, such as, for example, the sociology of culture, the sociology of free time, the sociology of youth, the theory of social conflict, etc.

Representatives of other social sciences, for example, cultural and social anthropology, also touched upon certain socio-philosophical problems of play and sports in their works. /13/ First of all, it was about the study of the game and the so-called primitive sports, their religious functions in primitive cultures and societies, the contribution of the game to culture, etc. [Husinga, 1992; Bowen and Mitchell, 1927; Culin, 1907; Damm, 1922; First, 1930; Hye-Kerkdal, 1956; Krickeberg, 1948; Mendner, 1956; Sutton-Smith, 1970, 1978, 1981].

W. Morgan writes about this: “Philosophy has neglected sports for too long. Although there was an established tradition in philosophy of considering forms of life that have great importance for society and people (philosophy of religion, art, science and education), sport, despite its influence on such diverse cultures as the culture of ancient Greece and modern America, has not received any serious philosophical attention. Of course, there were exceptions. For example, Plato and Aristotle wrote approvingly and sometimes even enthusiastically about play and sport, while modern philosophers such as Nietzsche and Heidegger used play as a metaphor to define their particular worldviews. Sartre and Wittgenstein referred to the concepts of sport and play in developing their influential concepts of human existence and language. But in general, most philosophers have simply ignored sport, considering it too unimportant to waste their time on it” [Morgan, 2006: 147].

Philosophical disciplines that study sports, physical exercises, physical education, physical (corporal) culture, etc., were not immediately formed within the framework of “sports science”.

For a long time in this field scientific knowledge in the foreground were the biological, physiological, anatomical and pedagogical problems of these social phenomena. /14/ To some extent, this was justified by the logic of the real development of the sphere of physical education and sports, as well as the logic of their knowledge. As long as sport had a local scope, and its spontaneous development took place within the boundaries in which it could be controlled without special knowledge, it seemed that one could do without a scientific analysis of the philosophical problems associated with it, or, at best, limit oneself to separate arguments about these problems. .

The situation began to change as the development of physical culture and sports activities and scientific research of this activity became more and more widespread.

The transformation of sports in the late XIX - early XX century. into a social phenomenon on a global scale, the growth of its authority and influence in the world, various crisis situations associated with it, more and more urgently demanded the theoretical self-awareness of this complex social phenomenon, its deep socio-philosophical analysis.

The development of physical culture, sports and Olympic movements, their universality, their growing role in the modern world, close connection with the numerous problems of our era created the need for a transition in the field of socio-philosophical issues of sports from purely practical knowledge and scattered illustrations to a systematic analysis based on proven research methods. and recognized scientific theories. New patterns of behavior and gradation of values, which have arisen under the influence of high performance sports and Olympic sports, began to require more and more broad, complete, accurate and differentiated information. There was also a need to study the influence of the economy, politics, culture, mass media on sports, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the reverse impact of the sports and Olympic movement on various areas of social life, on people's lifestyles. Culturological and logical-methodological problems of "sports science" became more and more important.

/ 15 / The lack of scientifically based information on all these issues, on which activities in the field of sports and physical (corporeal) culture could rely, reduced the effectiveness of this activity, hindered the development of physical culture and sports movement, bodily practices, did not allow to see their prospects, reduced their prestige in the value system modern culture and hindered more effective organization of scientific research in this area.

As E. Lipets notes, the philosophy of sport “has arisen as a relatively independent and independent area of research under the pressure of facts. Sport has revealed itself not only as a constant and important cultural factor, but also as a carrier of new features (of a person and being) that are not manifested outside of it, showing specific, own hierarchies of values in the sphere of the human world.

Representatives of “sports science” also began to address the philosophical problems of sports and physical culture, primarily such disciplines as the theory of sports and physical education, the sociology of physical culture and sports, etc. Therefore, the separation of the philosophy of physical culture and sports into an independent theoretical discipline followed the line its isolation, on the one hand, from other philosophical disciplines, and on the other hand, from other sciences in the structure of "sports science".

According to the American scientist B. D. Sekmary, in order for a field of scientific specialization to be recognized as an independent scientific discipline, it must satisfy two conditions: “First, it must achieve individuality. That is, there must be a field of study with its own special subject matter; there must also be a group of specialists who maintain social ties and consider themselves members of the same “social circle”. Secondly, it must be defined within a wider area as a legitimate field of study and must enter into the structure of the discipline” [see. Loy, Kenyon, McPherson 1980: 92].

/16/ The reason for raising the question of the formation of the philosophy of physical culture and sports as an independent theoretical discipline in the structure of "sports science" was, first of all, the fact that such an important and relatively independent social phenomenon as sports, as well as some others, became the object of philosophical reflection. phenomena associated with it - physical exercises, physical education, etc. Moreover, the circle of these closely interconnected phenomena subjected to philosophical analysis was constantly expanding. In particular, it began to include such phenomena as physical recreation, human corporality, physical culture, etc.

Along with this, it was increasingly realized that the analysis of philosophical problems related to these sociocultural phenomena by scientific disciplines that have a different subject of study is an ineffective way. A conviction was formed and strengthened in the need for their special philosophical analysis, since only such an analysis makes it possible to use the experience of solving similar problems accumulated throughout the history of solving the philosophical problems of "sports science" human knowledge in other sciences.

The factors noted above contributed to the formation, starting from the 20s of the last century, the philosophy of sports and other similar relatively independent philosophical disciplines. There are scientific publications in which attempts are made for a special philosophical analysis of sports, physical education, human corporality, etc. And there are more and more such works. This is evidenced by at least the bibliography of foreign works on this issue.

/17/ W. Morgan, characterizing the period of formation of the philosophy of sports in North America in the mid-late 1960s, notes two events that played a decisive role in the “academic debut” of this philosophical discipline.

The first is the desire to supplement the traditional analysis of physical education with new approaches: “If traditional physical education was based solely on medical and pedagogical studies of physical activity and sports, then the new, emerging field of sports research pursued more ambitious intellectual goals, complementing traditional medical and pedagogical studies with philosophical, historical and sociological” [Morgan, 2006: 147]. The place of the philosophy of sport in this new field of research, he notes, was staked out by two publications: E. Metheny G. Slusher "Man, Sport and Existence".

As the second event, W. Morgan points out “a belated consideration of sport by philosophy proper.” In this regard, he highlights the book “Sport: A Philosophical Study”, which was written by a well-known philosopher associated with the pragmatist movement Paul Weiss . As W. Morgan notes, this book "met with a noisy response in the philosophical community" [Morgan, 2006: 148].

Concluding the characterization of the publications of the philosophers mentioned in the work of W. Morgan “Philosophy of Sports: Historical and Conceptual Review and Assessment of its Future », his own work should also be noted.

The stages of formation and development of the philosophical reflection of sports and other related phenomena noted above are also distinguished by other researchers.

/18/ Their detailed description is given, for example, by R. Osterhaudt.

♦ in ancient world – Anaxagoras, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Aristotle, Buddha, Heraclitus, Democritus, Zeno of Elea, Confucius, Lao Tzu, Leucippus, Parmenides, Pyrrho, Pythagoras, Plato, Plotinus, Protagoras, Seneca, Socrates, Thales, Cicero, Empedocles, Epicurus;

♦ in the Middle Ages – Abelard, Avicenna, Augustine the Blessed, Anselm, Duns Scotus, Occam, Tertullian, Philo, Thomas Aquinas, Eckhart, Eriugena;

♦ in the period of the XVI-VIII centuries. - Berkeley, Bruno, Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Campanella, Kant, Leibniz, Locke, Rousseau, Spinoza, Hume;

♦ in the 19th century – Bentham, Hegel, Herbart, Camus, Kierkegaard, Marx, Mill, Nietzsche, Spencer, Fichte, Schelling, Schiller, Schleiermacher, Schopenhauer;

♦ in the 20th century. - Bergson, Buber, Wittgenstein, Green, Husserl, James, Gentile, Dewey, Croce, Marcel, Merleau-Ponty, Moore, Russell, Royce, Santayana, Sartre, Whitehead, Heidegger, Scheler, Jaspers.

IN early 20th century a more systematic study of the philosophical problems of physical education and sports begins. As the first works of this period, R. Osterhaudt indicates the book L. Gulikka "Philosophy of the game" and the book C. Heatherington "School curriculum in physical education".

Among the most significant subsequent works of this period, R. Osterhaudt includes the following books: C. Brightbill "Man and Leisure: Philosophy of Recreation", C.K. Cowell And W. L. France "Philosophy and principles of physical education and sport", E. Mattias "The Deep Meaning of Physical Education", C. McCloy « Philosophical Foundations physical education ", E. Weimen « Modern Philosophy physical education, etc.

/19/ A new stage in the development of the philosophy of physical education and sports, notes R. Osterhaudt, began with the publication of the book E. Davis "Philosophical process in physical education", collection "Philosophical approach to physical education" and books E. Zeigler "Philosophical Foundations of Physical Education, Health and Recreation". These works "were the first of a few that synthesized the achievements of previous publications and created the conditions under which an authentic study of general philosophy involves an understanding and appreciation of physical education and sports." E. Zeigler's book gives a systematic view of the philosophy of sports and physical education.

R. Osterhaudt connects the next stage in the development of this philosophy with the works: J. Huizinga "Homo Ludens: An Experience in Defining the Game Element of Culture", G. Slusher “Man, sport and existence; critical analysis ", E. Metheny "Movement and Meaning" and P. Weiss "Sport: A Philosophical Analysis".

The characteristic of this stage of the formation and development of the philosophy of sports is also contained in the anthology " Philosophical studies of sports", which was compiled W. Morgan And K. Mayer .

The anthology includes 56 works on the philosophical problems of sports published after 1979, i.e. a wide range of conceptual approaches to the philosophical study of sports and other related phenomena is presented. /20/ As the compilers write, the anthology presents “a balance of analytical, existentialist-phenomenological and critical scientific essays reflecting the philosophy of sports in all its diversity, Anglo-American and European scientific schools”, and it “is a combination of works performed by scientific authorities in this area of philosophy, as well as modern research by young scientists, imbued with categorical and sharp judgments.

The text of the collection is divided into six sections. The first three sections are an introduction to the tasks of the conceptual analysis of sports and games. Sections 4, 5 and 6 discuss the socio-philosophical problems associated with sports, the problems of ethics, aesthetics and political philosophy.

Section 1 " The nature of sports and games” is dedicated to the characterization of “the most important characteristics of sports”. In this regard, here are published works: F. D'Agostinho "The Ethos of Games", R. Caillois "Structure and classification of sports games", J. Huizinga "The nature of the game", F. McBride "Criticism of the definition given by Mr. Suits to the process of sports games", K. Schmitz "Sport and play: supporting the ordinary", B. Suites "The Elements of Sports" and "Regarding McBride's Definition of Sports Games"). These works offer various definitions of sport and game, as well as characteristics of their relationship. Despite the absence of any direct answer to the question “What is sport?” in this section, the reader has the opportunity to get acquainted with the complexities of the problems and the conceptual analysis of the philosophy of sport.

In the second section " Sports and physicality(Sport and Embodiment)” analyzes (mainly from the standpoint of phenomenology and existentialism) the philosophical problems of human corporality. The following works are devoted to these problems: A. Lingis "Orchids and Muscles" (an analysis of the cultural evolution of bodybuilding is given), K. Mayer "Physicality, sport and meaning", J. P. Sartre "Body" , Frans de Wachter "Symbolism of a healthy body", P. Weiss "Challenge of the body".

/21/ Section 3 “ Sports, play and metaphysics» published works devoted to the ontological analysis (mainly from the standpoint of existentialism) of sports and games, elucidation of their relationship, existential essence, place and role in human existence. The following publications are devoted to these issues: K. Algozin "Man and sport", R. Burke "Taking the Game Seriously", J. Esposito "Game and Opportunity", E. Fink "Ontology of the game", J. P. Sartre "Game and Sports". In work K. Mayer "The Flutes Sing: An Apologia for Play" complements this general proposition with an argument that play is the center of life, allowing for a life of luxury with an accompanying explosion of subjectivism.

Section 4 " Sports and ethics"- the most voluminous section of the anthology. It discusses the question of how people should behave in the field of sports. In this section, the work should be noted: E. Delatre "Some Observations Concerning Success and Failure in Sports Competitions", R. Fizell "Sporting nobility", W. Fraley "Why a Right Foul is Wrong", J. Hoberman "Sport and the technological image of man", D. Hyland "Competition and Friendship", J. Keating "Sporting nobility - a moral category", R. Kretschmar "From Trial to Competition" O. Liman "Cheating and Fair Play in Sports" and K. Pearson "Deceit, sporting nobility and ethics". Some papers discuss philosophical problems drugs and other illegal drugs in sports.

/22/ Another group of articles included in the fourth section is devoted to the problem of gender equality in sports. It is discussed, for example, in the article J. English "Gender Equality in Sports". It argues that the traditional perception of gender equality, which implies equal opportunities for men and women, is unacceptable for sports, since such opportunities are extremely unlikely to be found in a society in which most sports disciplines satisfy the physical status of men. The author of the article believes that since women can count on only about half of the already few advantages of sports (such as fame and fortune), it is morally fair to create alternative sports in society that are designed for the physical status of female athletes. R. Belliotti In the article “Women, Gender and Sports”, J. English criticizes the arguments of J. English from the standpoint of self-esteem and believes that neither women nor men should look for sources of self-esteem in professional sports achievements, divided by the corresponding gender groups. I. Young in the article "The exclusion of women from sports: conceptual and existential parameters" argues against the exclusion of women from sports, believing that such an exclusion limits the potential human qualities of women, as well as the potential humane properties of sports.

The position is similar P. Venza in the article "Equality of people in sports". In the final article of the fourth section B. Postow stands for gender equality in sports, considering this problem from a moral point of view. The issue of gender equality in sport is also discussed in the collection of articles Women, Philosophy and Sport.

Section 5 " Sport and socio-political philosophy” includes articles that “prioritize the role of sport in maintaining or challenging the social and political structures of bourgeois society” .

/23/ The section begins with the presentation of the game theory of the origin of the state. Ortega y Gasset in the article "Sports origin of the state" substantiates the position that the first social organizations and states arose on the basis of the creative potential of the game. In the second article M. Horkheimer analyzes “new patterns in social relations” from a Marxist position, but at the same time criticizes a number of provisions of neo-Marxism.

The concept of "metaphilosophy" is used in this case by analogy with the concepts of "metalanguage" and "metatheory" accepted in the logic and methodology of science. Metalanguage (Greek meta - after, behind, behind) is a language by means of which the properties of some other language are described and studied. A metatheory is a theory that makes a specific theory the subject of its study.

Introduction to the philosophy of sports, it is advisable to start with some general provisions concerning cognitive processes in general and the place of philosophy in the theory of knowledge in particular. Preliminary strokes will create the proper ground for understanding philosophical quests in matters of faith, knowledge, the known and the unknown.

Over its long history, mankind has accumulated a fairly large amount of knowledge. We now know much more than people knew a hundred or even twenty years ago. Through the efforts of theorists and practitioners, scientists and researchers, we have learned a lot about nature, man, society, the reality around us.

However, even the current knowledge of the entire human civilization is still immeasurably small compared to the area of the unknown, incomprehensible and inexplicable. Until now, we do not know how the brain works and thinking is formed, we do not have a clear idea of the prerequisites for the emergence of man and the laws of evolution, we do not know where humanity is heading and we cannot definitely predict the future development of economic, social and political processes. The mysteries of the human genome, the processes of aging and rejuvenation, the emergence of life on Earth and in space remain beyond our knowledge.

Obtaining new knowledge is not easy for mankind - through a difficult path of trial and error, delusions and illusions, prejudices and misunderstanding of the essence of things. So, for a long time people believed that the earth was flat and rested on three whales. Common sense and everyday experience told them that the planet could not be round. And yet it turned out that this is so, that the Earth, like other planets of the solar system, revolve around our luminary. Moreover, philosophers and scientists who put forward bold advanced ideas were often persecuted as heretics and atheists, punished by the church and the state.

If we simplify the thorny path of human development in terms of obtaining new knowledge, then we will get the following scheme (see Fig. 1).

The area of accumulated knowledge, presented on the right side of the figure, becomes more and more ambitious over time. Humanity is steadily moving forward along the vector of knowledge. Some things become more understandable and explainable to us, we look at something differently. However, along with the accumulated knowledge, new questions also arise, the answers to which are still vague or hypothetical. The unknown does not give up its positions immediately, it only opens the curtain and reveals previously unseen phenomena.

For example, man created computers and connected them to a network. The result was not just a complex system of interconnected terminals and devices, but a qualitatively new phenomenon - virtuality, which no one even thought of two or three decades ago. Half a century ago, it never occurred to anyone that professional tennis players, football players or hockey players would become the highest paid people in the world.

Philosophy as an area of uncertain knowledge lies at the intersection of the areas of the known and the unknown, bordering on art, creativity, and culture.

It should be noted that philosophy covers a wide range of issues, in the center of which is a person, society, cultural and social phenomena. An integral part of it is the philosophy of sports, which has its own object, subject and research methods. We will talk about them below, considering the relevant issues.

Vladislav Stolyarov

Philosophy of physical culture and sports. Book I. Metaphilosophical Analysis: Philosophy of Physical Culture and Sports as a Special Philosophical Discipline

Foreword

/5/ Although the philosophical discipline, which in this book is denoted by the term " philosophy of physical culture and sports”, is relatively young, but it is becoming increasingly important in the system of philosophy and “sports science”. The increase in its importance is determined primarily by the complex and contradictory nature of the development of sports, its inextricable connection with all aspects of public life (economy, politics, culture, etc.), the intensive development of scientific research in the field of sports and the need to significantly increase their effectiveness. Particularly relevant is the philosophical understanding of the Olympic movement, which is inextricably linked with sports and has received an unusually wide development in the modern world.

The famous philosopher Max Scheler drew attention to the importance of understanding the philosophical problems of sports back in 1927: “It is unlikely that any other phenomenon in the world today deserves the same degree of deep socio-philosophical and psychological study as sports” [Cit. after: Guttman, 1978: VII].

Increasing attention of philosophers is also attracted by problems related to such sociocultural phenomena as bodily (somatic, physical) culture and physical culture (personality-oriented) motor activity, which in the title of the philosophical discipline under discussion are designated by the term "Physical Culture". On the one hand, this is due to the fact that recently a real cult of the body has been formed in the public mind, which serves as the basis for the conclusion about cardinal changes (and even a “revolution”) in the attitude of a modern person to his corporality, on the other hand, an increase in the role and the importance of physical culture motor activity in the life of a modern person.

♦ substantiate the applicability and expediency of a philosophical approach to the study of physical culture and sports;

♦ on the basis of this, determine the problems of their philosophical analysis, acquaint the reader with the most important, and at the same time complex problems of the philosophical discipline in which it is carried out;

♦ clarify the place of the philosophy of physical culture and sports in the system of philosophy and "sports science";

♦ show its theoretical and practical significance.

In domestic publications, as a rule, there is no complete information about those works on this topic that have been published in Western Europe, Canada and America. /8/ On the other hand, in the works of the philosophers of these countries, as a rule, publications in Russia and Eastern Europe on the philosophical problems of physical culture and sports are not even mentioned.

The list of publications of philosophers from different countries mentioned in this monograph is actually bibliography work on these issues. Such a bibliography has not yet existed not only in domestic, but also in foreign philosophy. In domestic philosophy, no attempts were made to develop it before, and in foreign publications, as a rule, there are no references to the works of philosophers of Russia and other countries of Eastern Europe [see, for example, DeSensi, 1985–1987; Osterhoudt, 1998; Osterhoudt, Simon B., Volkwein, 2000; Philosophical inquiry… 1995].

I make it my task to bring to the judgment of readers and your concept philosophy of physical culture and sports. It is based on the results of the development of the problems of dialectics, the dialectical method, logical-methodological and other problems of general philosophy (during my work at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1959 to 1972), as well as philosophical, sociological, cultural, pedagogical and other problems of sports , sports education, physical culture, physical education, the Olympic movement, Olympic education, etc. (during the period of work in the State Center for Physical Culture from 1972 to the present). /9/ In this monograph, an attempt is made to generalize, systematize, concretize and supplement the previously obtained results of the development of the philosophy of physical culture and sports.

For the convenience of readers, the monograph is divided into 4 books.

Part IV. Introduction to the philosophy of physical culture and sports (continued)

PHILOSOPHICAL AND WORLD VIEW AND

SOCIAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS FCC

general characteristics

General characteristics of philosophical problems in elite sport (social meaning and significance of this activity)

Philosophical problems social functions, the role and importance of physical education, "sport for all"

Questions about the relationship of the FCC with other social phenomena: politics, ideology, socio-economic relations

The essence and various aspects of the problem of social meaning and significance of children's sports. The main approaches to its solution in the scientific literature

The dialectical basis of the methodology for resolving the issue of the humanistic significance of children's sports

Basic principles of an effective methodology for solving the problem under discussion

Factor analysis of the humanistic value of children's sports

The main issue of the theory and practice of children's sports. The concept of "sportization" (its essence, authors, supporters, problems and opponents)

Discussion on the relationship between sport and politics. Methodology for solving this multifaceted problem. The role of the conceptual apparatus used

The main provisions of the social philosophical concept relationship between sport and politics:

· the relative independence of sport from politics;

· the existence of a connection between sport and politics;

· the impact of politics on sport and discussion of the possibility of avoiding the negative impact on sport from politics.

Analysis of various forms of connection between sports and politics:

· the use of sport for political purposes;

· sport as a sphere of activity of political subjects;

· athlete as a political figure, his political activity;

· political education of athletes and the role of sport in this education;

· the impact of the socio-political structure of society on sports and sports policy

Main conclusions

/30/ The problem of the relationship between sport and politics is one of the most complex and debatable socio-philosophical problems of sport. It has attracted considerable attention from philosophers and sociologists. Thus, in July 1999, an international congress was held in Budapest (Hungary) dedicated to the theme “Sport and Politics” [see. Gounot and Hofmann, 2000].

Particularly close attention of scientists is attracted by the question of the relationship between sports and politics in relation to the Olympic movement. This is evidenced by the fact that already at the first official Olympic Scientific Congress in Eugene / USA / in 1964, a special section “Sport and Politics” worked, and the 35th session of the International Olympic Academy (1995) was devoted to the discussion of the topic “ Sport, Olympism and Politics” [see. Conclusions…, 1997]. The question is raised about the need to develop a special scientific discipline - the political science of sports, the political science of sports, which sets as its task a deep and comprehensive analysis of the problem of the relationship between sports and politics [see: Brohm, 1976a; Güldenpfennig, 2000; Güldenpfennig and Schulke 1980].

Interest in the problem under discussion is due not only to its theoretical, but also to practical significance. Often it arises before athletes, coaches, organizers of sports competitions in connection with the need to make a decision on participation or refusal to participate in them for some political reasons. For example, during discussions about participation or non-participation in Olympic Games ah in Moscow (1980) and in Los Angeles (1984) in the foreground in this regard, there were questions about whether sports belong to the sphere of politics, what relations exist between sports and politics, how free sport and can to resist the demands that politics imposes on him, etc. This or that answer to this question also substantiated the corresponding decision to participate in the Olympic Games.

A lot of scientific publications are devoted to the analysis of the relationship between sports and politics - individual and collective monographs, collections, dissertations, articles. We note the works of such authors as P. A. Vinogradov, S. I. Guskov, A. A. Isaev, R. M. Kiselev, A. A. Kozlovsky, V. S. Rodichenko, P. A. Rozhkov, N. I. Ponomarev, V. M. Pochinkin, A. B. Ratner, A. V. Serebryakov, P. S. Stepovoi, Yu. A. Fomin, J. M. Brohm, J. Deutsch, R. Espy, S. Güldenpfennig, J Hargreaves, K. Heinilä, A. Hietanen, C. Krockow, A. Krüger, J. W. Loy, G. Lüschen, P. McIntosh, J. Meynaud, B. M. Petrie, H. E. Rösch, P. Seppänen, T. Varis, A. Wohl etc.

/31/ However, there are many shortcomings in the development of the problem under discussion, which Sven Güldenpfennig rightly draws attention to: “There is still a lack of systematic and in-depth studies of sports policy not only at the state, but also at the international level ... "gray zone", i.e. the solution of the problems raised in them in style is between the scientific and journalistic manner. Nowadays, there are very few works that address sports policy issues and use a sound methodology. In addition, little contribution has been made to the theoretical interpretation of political aspects in sports, which can be referred to by the future generation of scientists in the field of sports political science when they compete with other areas of sports science.

Of the numerous works on the problem, the following works should be especially noted: R. Ispay “Politics and the Olympic Games”, “Politics and Sports Before and Now”, S. Guldenpfennig “International Sports Relations between Detente and Confrontation”, which contain a lot of factual material and formulate important theoretical provisions on the problem under discussion, as well as the collection "Relationship between sports and politics from the standpoint of humanism", published by the Humanitarian Center "Spart" RSUPC in 2005 [Humanistics of the competition. Issue. 3, 2005] and the dissertation of A. V. Khlopkov [Khlopkov, 2003] written under the guidance of the author. His own position on the problem under discussion is most fully set out in the work "The relationship between sports and politics (social-philosophical and methodological analysis)" [Stolyarov, 2005e]. Below is an analysis of the problem of the relationship between sports and politics using the materials of these works.

Discussions on the problem and methodology for their solution. On the issue of the relationship between sport and politics, various opinions are expressed that fluctuate between two opposite poles: either they believe that sport should have nothing to do with politics (“ sport is out of politics”) and any connection with politics should be seen as a distortion of the true nature of sport, or it is believed that sport is inherently political through and through.

In theoretical terms, supporters of the concept of “sport is out of politics” have often relied and continue to lean on the position of the “self-sustainability” of sport. A person allegedly realizes in sports his truly natural and truly humanistic principle, which politics, interfering in sports and violating its autonomy, inevitably distorts, and sport can serve a person only if "the principle of political extraterritoriality and neutrality is respected." “Sport is a sport only when it makes sense in itself without any political or economic goals,” wrote, for example, Carl Diem [cit. according to: Korotkov, 1974, p. 7].

/32/ Such argumentation in defense of the thesis “sport is out of politics” was used even when it was a question of the fight against apartheid in sports. Since 1966, the Supreme Council of African Sports /CSAA/, which has achieved the exclusion of South Africa from the Olympic movement, has taken on the brunt of this struggle. This happened at the 69th session of the IOC in Amsterdam. A year later, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution calling on all sports unions and organizations to fight racial segregation. However, the following argument was expressed against the inclusion of sports organizations in this struggle against apartheid: “if we once agree to the use of sports as a means of solving non-sporting tasks, then a precedent will arise that will later be taken into account” [On the possibility of a boycott ..., 1981, C . 10].

However, the appeal to the concept of "sport is out of politics" was most often caused by purely practical, opportunistic considerations as a reason to justify certain actions, the adoption of certain decisions. So, when in February 1984 the Legislative Assembly of the State of California canceled its decision to ban entry into the state for the period of the XXIII Olympic Games of the Soviet sports delegation and Soviet tourists, adopted on September 16, 1983 after the incident with a South Korean aircraft that invaded the air space of the USSR, then the argument that sport should be outside of politics was used as a justification for the cancellation of the original decision. When the US administration unleashed a campaign to boycott the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow, athletes and sports organizations in the capitalist countries used this slogan to justify their participation in the Games of the XXII Olympiad. The initiators of Olympic sports turned to the concept of “sport is out of politics” for tactical reasons: in order for the Olympic movement to become a broad international social phenomenon, it was necessary to stay away from the political ambitions of the governments of certain states, it was necessary to defend and consistently adhere to the thesis of the independence of sports from the emerging political situation. The apolitical slogan “sport is out of politics” was used by some political forces to mislead public opinion about their true interests. The Republic of South Africa repeatedly resorted to it, trying to return to the Olympic movement, from which it was expelled at the 69th session of the IOC in 1970 in connection with the policy of racial discrimination pursued in this country in sports.

The concept of "sport is out of politics" is criticized by many scientists and public figures [see. Pochinkin, 1985; Stepovoi, 1984; Thompson, 1979; Fomin, 1988 and others]. In the course of this criticism, not only the close connection sports with politics, but also sports activity itself is seen as political[Johnson, 1984; Dragunov, 2000; Kidane, 1999].

Evaluations of the connection between sports and politics are also ambiguous. Sometimes it is evaluated negatively, and sometimes positively. When negative assessments believe that politics distorts the essence of sport, and refer to the facts of the use of sport for narrowly selfish political purposes, to incite nationalism, chauvinism, etc. /33/ positive assessments indicate, for example, the important role of sport in strengthening peace and friendship among peoples. Meets and controversial characterization of this relationship [see, for example, McIntosh, 1963]. It manifests itself, in particular, in the fact that, for some opportunistic reasons, the concept of “sport is out of politics” has come to the fore, and for others, the opposite concept.

The above views on the relationship between sport and politics are based on faulty methodology consideration of the relationship between sport and politics. The main feature of this methodology is the lack of comprehensiveness consideration and integrated approach as required dialectical method research. In most works devoted to the problem under discussion, as a rule, only certain aspects of this problem, which are often confused, are not clearly distinguished from each other. This simplifies the actual state of affairs.

In methodological terms, when discussing the problem of the relationship between sport and politics, it is important to take into account all kinds of facts characterizing this relationship, to single out and clearly differentiate such different aspects this problem , such as whether sport and any related activity is political; is there a connection between sports and politics; what is the nature and forms of this connection; does sport objectively (spontaneously) influence politics; whether sports contacts are deliberately used for political purposes and for what; whether sport should be used for these purposes and for what exactly; whether athletes and coaches should stay away from any political use of sport, etc.

Of great importance in solving the problem under discussion is the conceptual apparatus.

concept sports, which is used in this paper in the analysis of the relationship between sports and politics, was described above. In understanding politicians the author proceeds from what has been substantiated in the philosophical literature [Blinov, Ozhegov, Sheregi, 1982; Vladimirov, Zelenov, 1999] provisions that the sphere of this social phenomenon includes: the relationship between classes, nations, other social groups about state power; direction, means and methods of activity of the state, parties and other political organizations; the nature and forms of participation of various social strata in the affairs of the state in order to implement their interests; foreign policy relations of the state, the interaction of political forces in the international arena, etc. At the same time, it is important actual political events distinguish from other social phenomena, which are only one way or another connected with politics, are influenced by politics. Below, we will use such concepts related to politics as “subjects of politics”, “political activity”, “social policy”, “political regime”, etc., which are described in detail in works on political science [Introduction to political science, 1994; Vladimirov and Zelenov, 1999; Political Science, 1999; Kholostova, 2001 and others].

/34/ Let's move on to characterizing the main provisions of the socio-philosophical concept of the relationship between sports and politics.

The relative independence of sports from politics. It is easy to see that the rules of sports competitions, the features of the technique and tactics of certain sports, the patterns of the training process, the methodology for performing physical exercises are not political. The initial goals and objectives of sports activity described above, its cultural purpose, the system of values inherent in sports also do not belong to the sphere of politics. In this sense, there is no "capitalist" or "socialist" sport. As the German political scientist K. Krokov notes, there is no “capitalist”, “socialist” or “German” long jump (just as there is no, for example, “German” physics), but there is just a sports jump. Bob Beamon's Leap of the Century in Mexico City in 1968 is neither in favor of the United States nor against it, nor does it say anything about discrimination or equal rights for people of color in the United States. Another thing is that the potential of sports activities from the moment of its appearance made it possible to use it for political purposes.

So, to a certain extent, considered in itself or as a phenomenon of culture, sport acts as relatively independent of politics social phenomenon.

This feature of sports was not taken into account by the supporters of that point of view, which was widespread, for example, in our country in the 20s of the last century, when sport, in contrast to physical education, was considered as a purely “bourgeois” social phenomenon.

Sports organizations (including Olympic ones), whose main tasks and goals are not to conquer state power, but to solve socio-pedagogical and cultural problems related to sports, are not political organizations. They unite people who stand on different ideological positions and share different political views. Of course, they can and should deal with political problems, but only to the extent, to what extent these problems relate directly to sports and the Olympic movement, their goals, objectives, ideals and values, the conditions for their successful implementation. These organizations should actively participate, for example, in the struggle for the preservation and strengthening of peace, against racism, nationalism, chauvinism, religious intolerance, since both sport and the Olympic movement can successfully develop and solve their problems only in peaceful conditions, in the absence of any racial or religious discrimination. This approach to understanding the goals and objectives of the sports (including the Olympic) movement is called " political autonomy of the sports movement» .

Although sports organizations are not political organizations in the true sense of the word, this does not relieve them of the obligation to political education athletes (see below).

The relative independence of sports from politics also does not mean that there is not and cannot be any connection between them.

The problem of the connection between sports and politics has a number of aspects. /35/ The starting point is the question of whether such a relationship exists at all.

Is there a connection between sport and politics?. For a long time, the concept dominated, according to which sport is completely independent of politics, an autonomous sphere of life and human development. Thus, the IOC has for a long time sought to present Olympic sport as a movement alien to politics. However, in reality, he could not avoid political problems, since a number of political factors have a significant impact on the Olympic movement and put forward political problems for it.

These factors include those arising between the countries participating in the Olympic Games and their NOCs - political and ideological divisions. In this regard, the Games act as an arena in which they enter into confrontation with each other and seek to use them as a tool for promoting their political programs. significant impact on the Olympic movement national interest member countries of this movement. Theoretically, the structure of the Olympic movement was created as a separate and supranational. But with the aim of developing the Olympic movement and the practical organization of the Olympic Games, Coubertin developed a fundamental system national Olympic committees, providing for their exclusive right of national representation at these Games. Thus, it became possible to use the Olympic Games as a competition of athletes united in national teams under the auspices of the NOCs to promote the ideas of nationalism and even chauvinism, which is regarded as the “main evil” of modern Olympic Games.

The noted and some other factors lead to the fact that political problems constantly arose and continue to arise before the Olympic movement. The organizers of the modern Olympic Games have repeatedly encountered and had to solve, for example, the problem of the attitude of the Olympic movement towards wars and warring countries. Acute political problems arose before the IOC in connection with the recognition of the NOC of a country, since such recognition essentially means its international political recognition, although the IOC does not have a formal diplomatic status. This political problem became especially acute in the post-war period, in particular, in connection with the decision on the recognition of the Olympic Committees of the FRG and the GDR. Here the IOC also faced a legal dilemma, since, according to its rules, only one National Olympic Committee could represent a country. Because of this, the simultaneous recognition of the Olympic Committees of the GDR and the FRG legalized, at least at the level of the IOC, the existence of the GDR as an independent state. A situation similar to the German one also arose with respect to the Chinese Olympic Committee, since the regime that settled on the island of Taiwan began to claim this title, despite the fact that the Olympic Committee had already been created in the PRC. Another important political problem that the Olympic movement faced with the need to solve was the question of the exclusion of South Africa from it. / 36 / It was first staged in 1955 by the International Boxing Federation and until 1959 was "under the cloth", while in 1959 a member of the IOC from the Soviet Union again raised this issue. At present, such political problems arise before sports in connection with new political trends in the development of Europe, which can affect nations, and, therefore, national sports organizations and structures.

Thus, the Olympic movement from the very beginning to the present day is closely connected with politics. Moreover, this connection did not weaken, but, on the contrary, increased. In accordance with this, the doctrine of the leaders of the Olympic movement changed. Thus, former IOC President Avery Brundage was a staunch supporter of the idea of "separate existence" of politics and sports. He liked to repeat: "Our organization does not exist in order to change the political system in any country." His successor, Lord Killanin, limited himself to a vague statement that sport should not be used for political purposes [see. On the possibility of a boycott ..., 1981, p. 12]. And here is Kh. A. Samaranch’s opinion on this issue: “You can, of course, say that politics has nothing to do with sports, but at the same time I must note that what is happening on the political stage is reflected in sports” (Soviet sport, 22 Aug 1990). Depending on certain aspects of the connection between the Olympic Games and politics, their assessment also changes. There are the most controversial assessments: from such as “The Olympic Games are a wonderful peaceful gathering of the youth of the world”, to such: “The Olympic Games are gatherings where chauvinism flourishes, political massacres, this is a place where a person becomes a robot.”

In the 1980s, the concept that "sport cannot be separated from politics" became predominant.

Numerous facts and arguments support this concept, including:

· repeated use of sports for political purposes, as well as numerous incidents in sports that had a political connotation;

· significant dependence of the organization of the sports movement on state policy and ideology;

· Athletes, bringing their country international victories, perform not only sports, but also the state mission, as they contribute to the strengthening of state prestige, demonstrate national capabilities;

· "the identification of the population with athletes and the common desire to win in the name of national glory has political significance, since it unites citizens, regardless of social class, race and regional differences";

· There are a number of reasons that determine the relationship between politics and sports: for example, state governments are directly involved in the organization and financing of the Olympic Games and other major international competitions, as well as in the training of elite athletes.

/37/ So, noting the independence of sport from politics, at the same time it is important to consider that it is not absolute but relative: under certain conditions, for certain reasons and in certain forms there is a connection between sports and politics.

The connection between sports and politics is typical for all kinds and varieties sports. However, in some of them it manifests itself most clearly. Of the sports, among those in the first place, perhaps, should be attributed football, which is sometimes assessed as "the main political sport of the twentieth century" [Babich, 1999; Stolyarov and Samusenkov, 2000; Suleimanyan, 1999; Football…, 2000; Stemme, 1981; Kidane, 1999; Sugden and Tomlinson 1998; Vinnai, 1970 and others]. As for the varieties of sports, the connection between sports and politics is most clearly manifested in elite sport, and especially in the form in which he performs in the Olympic movement.

Can the negative impact of politics on sport and the Olympic movement be avoided? Scholars and public figures often discuss whether it is possible to somehow avoid the negative impact of politics on sport and the Olympic movement.

In the course of these discussions, in order to reduce the “politicization” of the Olympic Games and the Olympic Movement, various proposals are made:

hold Olympic competitions in several countries at once (for example, competitions in alpine skiing in the Chilean Andes, figure skating in Tokyo, athletics in Moscow, swimming and diving in Beijing, ice hockey in Montreal, gymnastics - in Nairobi);

· entrust the organization of the Olympic Games not to a separate city, not to one state, but to a whole geographical area;

to hold the Olympic Games in the form of competitions organized in different countries in certain sports;

· to hold the Olympic Games in some permanent place (for example, in Switzerland or Greece).

A sharp discussion caused and causes the proposal abandon national flags and anthems during the Olympic Games. For the first time this proposal was made by the vice-president of the IOC (in the period from 1970 to 1974) Jean de Beaumont. His proposal included the following points: 1. The abolition of national anthems and flags. Instead, at the official medal-giving ceremonies, the Olympic anthem should be played and a flag with five Olympic rings should be raised. 2. The solemn procession of national delegations should be replaced by a procession of representatives of sports (athletics, rowing, etc.). Athletes from different countries will march together. 3. The national flags of all countries represented at the Games may be in the center of the stadium in any order, they must be held by people who are not related to the national teams. 4. The solemn formula for the opening of the Games should be pronounced by the President of the IOC, and not by the head of state organizing the Games. 5. Athletes must compete in the form of their clubs or universities, on this form the symbolic emblem of the country (for example, the rooster of the French) can be placed. 6. It is necessary to find the possibility of concluding an agreement with information agencies /38/ prohibiting the publication of the international classification of medals [Proposals…, 1980, p. 8]. The abolition of national flags and anthems, as well as the counting of medals and points at the Olympic Games, was advocated by the President of the IOC from 1952 to 1972. E. Brundage and President of the IOC from 1972 to 1980 M. Killanin. In order to reduce the "politicization" of the Olympic Games and the Olympic movement, other proposals were also made. But none of them were accepted. In the future, one can hardly expect any significant changes in this regard, since the Olympic movement, as an international movement, cannot but be influenced by the processes taking place in the world and exist in isolation from them. Therefore, the phrase often repeated (including by politicians) that “the Olympic Games should exist outside of politics” is most likely illusory.

It is important to take into account not only the connection between sports and politics, but also the various forms this connection.

Forms of communication between sports and politics. Let us characterize the main forms of connection between sports and politics.

1. Use of sports for political purposes.The relative independence of sport from politics, its "neutral character" create the conditions for its use for various political purposes.

There are various forms of using sports for political purposes. As the authors of the book "Sport and Social Systems" note, the purpose of "intervention" of politics in sports can be: 1) raising international prestige through the medals won by athletes at the championships, which, as it were, symbolize national power; 2) the use of sports success to promote the country among its population and abroad; 3) development and improvement of the structure of sports in the state; 4) the establishment of public control over certain sports (such as, for example, boxing, hockey); 5) the application of sanctions against other states and peoples pursuing an undesirable national policy (for example, apartheid in South Africa); 6) military training of citizens; 7) achievement by politicians of personal goals (politicians in the countries of North America always appear at major sports competitions, either as spectators or participating in the opening or closing ceremonies of competitions); 8) increasing the cohesion, unity, political consciousness of the nation; 9) expression of the views of one or another small social group (for example, "Black Power" at the Olympic Games in Mexico in 1968); 10) an attempt to democratize sports by removing ethnic, economic and racial barriers for those who are involved in sports; 11) increased social differentiation in sports (eg apartheid in South Africa).

P. Seppanen indicates three main forms of using the Olympic Games and the Olympic system as an instrument of international politics: 1) involvement of Olympic athletes in the propaganda campaigns of states or political systems; 2) the use of the Olympic Games as a tool to express a negative attitude towards another state or political system through boycotts, protests, etc.; 3) exerting more or less direct political pressure on decision-making by the IOC and the National Olympic Committees.

/39/ With all the variety of forms, directions and reasons for the use of sports by political forces, two main orientations can be distinguished: humanistic(associated with the implementation in sport and through sport of humanistic ideals and values) and inhumane(contrary to humanistic ideals and values).

The most important form of political use of sport humanistic orientation - its application to establish peaceful relations between states, strengthen friendship and mutual understanding between peoples, their cultural cooperation, overcome nationalist prejudices, improve political relations between peoples belonging to different cultures. An example inhumane political goals of the use of sports is to promote the ideas of nationalism and chauvinism.

When considering the use of sport for political purposes, one should bear in mind not only that in what sport can be used and is actually used for political purposes, but also Who(which political forces) seek to use and actually use it for political purposes, and what causes that encourage them to do so, etc.

2. Sport as a sphere of activity of political subjects. Sports policy. In the documents and materials of the UN, the Council of Europe, state acts of a number of countries of the world and in many scientific papers widely used concept sports policy". This concept should be considered on a par with such concepts as " technical policy», « economic policy», « cultural policy”, etc. When introducing these concepts, it is assumed that there are various spheres of public life: economic, technical, culture, education, leisure, etc. Each of them occupies a certain place in the social system, performs certain functions here, decides certain tasks. The activity of certain social forces connected with them is considered as an appropriate policy - economic, technical, cultural, etc. In relation to such a sphere of society as sports, we are talking about sports policy.

This means that the basis for singling out sports policy as a relatively independent direction of politics is, first of all, that in the 20th century sport was formed as a relatively independent social institution with its own rules, organizational system, principles and tasks of activity.

Sports policy acts as "a policy in the field of sports, in relation to sports and using sports as an institutional system." In this regard, it can have three main goals: the formation and preservation of conditions for the relative social independence of sports; creation of prerequisites for the further development of its social role and significance based on this; the formation of its possibilities as a political factor outside the sphere of the sport itself.

/40/ Subjects sports policy are (at least can be) both political and non-political organizations. Various political organizations - the state, parties, socio-political associations, unions, etc. - strive to direct the activities of the sports sector in the right political direction, corresponding to their interests, ideologies, to influence technical, economic, educational, cultural and other goals and programs, based on from their political goals and programs. But in the implementation (and sometimes in the development) of the goals and objectives of the policy in the field of sports, as a rule, various non-political organizations - primarily sports organizations, firms and other commercial organizations, educational institutions, etc.

Sports-related activities of political and non-political forces, their goals, objectives, means, etc., may have political character and focus, if it is focused on the use of sports for political purposes, and may have other content(for example, it may have as its goal to promote the full and effective implementation of its own, direct functions of sports, related socio-cultural tasks, etc.).

This is the most general characteristic of sports politics. A more complete, detailed description of it provides for clarification: content, main directions, goals, objectives, means And levels sports policy; its specific content, special forms, means in various areas of society and for different social groups population; subjects sports policy (what social forces are involved in its development and implementation), motives their involvement in sports politics, and content, orientation, main directions, goals, objectives, means and methods this activity of theirs; features of sports policy on different stages of development sports and society; features contemporary sports policy various countries; features of sports policy in relation to various types sports and his varieties(for example, to sports for all and sports of the highest achievements), to social movements related to sports (for example, to the Olympic movement), etc. These issues require, however, special consideration.

3. An athlete as a political figure, his political activity. As already noted, sport has ceased to be only active leisure, a source of health, a pleasant and useful pastime. Currently, he acts as a catalyst for many passions and ideas, including political ones. At the same time, sport is a double-edged force. On the one hand, it helps to bring peoples together, and at the same time, in unscrupulous

RUSSIAN STATE ACADEMY

PHYSICAL CULTURE

COURSE PROGRAM

«PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS

PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORT»

032100.68 - "Physical culture" (for undergraduates)

Moscow - 2010

The program of the course "Philosophical and social problems of physical culture and sports" for undergraduates of the RSUPECSiT was developed by Dr. philosophical sciences, professor.

1. Purpose of the course

2. Course objectives

1. Topics and summary

2. Tasks for independent work

3. Approximate topics of abstracts

4. An indicative list of questions for the test

III. Distribution of course hours by topics and types of work

IV. Form of final control

V. Educational and methodological support of the course

I. Organizational and methodological section

1. Purpose of the course

Main target course - to improve the level of professional and humanitarian training of undergraduates on the basis of their acquaintance with the philosophical and social problems of physical culture and sports, the formation of a correct understanding of the content of these problems, their role and significance.

2. Course objectives

This course does not aim to give a detailed and complete coverage of all the philosophical and social problems of physical culture and sports. It is taken into account that undergraduates got acquainted with some of these problems earlier.

Main tasks course:

– to form a correct general and holistic idea of the nature, content, features and significance of the socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports among undergraduates;

- to draw their attention to the most important and relevant (taking into account the nature of the professional orientation of undergraduates) of these problems, to acquaint them with modern approaches to their solution;

- to acquaint with those scientific disciplines that are engaged in the development of socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports;

– to teach undergraduates to apply the acquired knowledge to comprehend socio-cultural phenomena and processes in the field of physical culture and sports, as well as to solve those socio-philosophical problems that are related to their own topic of scientific research in the field of physical culture and sports.

3. The place of the course in the professional training of undergraduates

Complex social processes, qualitative changes occurring in all areas modern society, especially in our country, and the associated need for a significant increase in the efficiency of the education system, make ever higher demands on the theoretical, methodological and worldview training of specialists in various branches of social production, science, technology, including physical culture and sports.

An important role in this training of specialists in the field of physical culture and sports is played by their orientation in philosophical and social(epistemological, logical-methodological, sociological, cultural, ethical, aesthetic, political, etc.) problems of physical culture and sports. These problems are becoming increasingly relevant due to the complex and controversial nature of the development of physical culture and sports, their inextricable connection with all aspects of public life (economy, politics, culture, etc.), the intensive development of scientific research in the field of physical culture and sports, and the need to significant improvement in their efficiency.

The course "Philosophical and social problems of physical culture and sports" is intended for undergraduates of the first year of the RGUFKSiT.

4. Requirements for the level of mastering the course content

Based on the study of the course, undergraduates must:

have a correct understanding of the nature, content, features and modern meaning socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports, as well as their relationship with other problems in this area;

know the subject and understand the meaning of those scientific disciplines that study the socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports;

· understand the content of the most important socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports, which are indicated in the course program, as well as navigate modern approaches to their solution;

· to be able to apply the acquired knowledge to comprehend socio-cultural phenomena and processes in the field of physical culture and sports, as well as to solve those philosophical and social problems that are related to their own topic of scientific research in the field of physical culture and sports.

1. Topics and summary

Topic 1. Introduction.

The increase in modern conditions of requirements for theoretical, methodological and worldview training of specialists in the field of physical culture and sports. The place and role of the course "Philosophical and social problems of physical culture and sports" in the training of these specialists.

Requirements for undergraduates to master the course content.

Topic 2. General characteristics

socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports

Limited ordinary and intuitive ideas about the socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports and ways to solve them. The need for scientific development of these problems. Features of the development of these problems in various sciences.

Formation of sciences (philosophy of physical culture and sports, sociology of physical culture and sports, cultural studies of physical culture and sports, ethics of sports, aesthetics of sports, political science of sports, etc.), making the socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports the subject of a special study. Characteristics of these sciences, their role and place in the system of scientific foundations of the activities of specialists in the field of physical culture and sports.

Topic 3. Logical and methodological problems

scientific knowledge of physical culture and sports

The sphere of physical culture and sports as a specific object of scientific knowledge. The complex and heterogeneous nature of this object, the complex interweaving of biological and social phenomena at its core. The influence of the features of the object of knowledge of the sciences of physical culture and sports on the structure, development and methods of scientific research of these phenomena.

The main trends in the development of scientific knowledge of physical culture and sports. Development of knowledge "in breadth" and "deep", differentiation and integration of scientific knowledge in this area. The problem of determining the subject and the relationship of various sciences of physical culture and sports.

The main directions and forms of integration of scientific knowledge about physical culture and sports. Types (kinds) of complex, integrative theories emerging in the course of this process. The problem of determining their subject and relationship with particular theories. The role of philosophical theory in the process of integrating the sciences of physical culture and sports.

Logical and methodological principles of introduction, evaluation and unification of concepts in the sciences of physical culture and sports.

Empirical and theoretical levels of scientific knowledge of physical culture and sports. Methods of scientific knowledge of physical culture and sports, their classification.

Topic 4. Social and philosophical problems of physical culture

Organic and inorganic human body. The concept of culture. The concept of humanism. The problem of the relationship of the human body to the world of socio-cultural phenomena. The process of socialization and socio-cultural modification of human corporality. The human body as a social and cultural phenomenon.

The concept of physical (somatic) culture, its main indicators, structure, functions and relationship with other elements of culture. Models of physical culture. The historical nature of physical culture, its change at various stages of the development of society.

Topic 5. Social and philosophical problems

physical culture and sports activities

The concept of physical activity, difficulties and errors in determining its specificity. Physical activity as a kind of human motor activity, its forms and place in the system of sociocultural phenomena. Physical education.

The concept of sports. Rivalry (competition), its positive and negative impact on personality and social relations. The problem of humanization of rivalry and ways to solve it. Sports competitions as a special form of game organization of rivalry. Sports and the system of related concepts (varieties of sports, sports culture, sports education, etc.).

The concept of "physical culture and sports activity", its theoretical content and empirical indicators. Social barriers on the way of increasing the physical culture and sports activity of the population and ways to overcome them.

Social role and social functions of sport. The social significance of elite sport.

Difficulties and disagreements in assessing the humanistic value of sport. Discussions about children's sports: is it permissible from a humanistic point of view to use sports competitions in the system of educating and organizing children's leisure? Methodology for solving this problem.

The humanistic potential of sport. Aesthetic content of sports activities, its role and significance. Sport and art: similarities and differences. The moral potential of sports. The real humanistic value of sport. Inhumane, dysfunctional manifestations in sports.

Factors that determine the social content, social functions and humanistic value of sport for the individual and society.

The relationship of sport with other forms of game organization of rivalry.

Topic 6. Social and philosophical problems of the Olympic movement

The main provisions of the philosophical concept of Olympism by Pierre de Coubertin: an assessment of the humanistic value of sports, an understanding of the goals and objectives of the Olympic movement, the ideals and values of Olympism, etc. Modern interpretations of Olympism. Features of Olympism as a philosophical concept.

Disagreements and contradictions in the assessment of the humanistic value of the modern Olympic movement. Methodology for solving this problem. The problem of the "new philosophy" of the modern Olympic movement.

Other types of sports movement: “sport for all”, “new games”, “Rainbow Days”, “Spartan movement”, etc. Their relationship with the Olympic movement. The Olympic movement and sociocultural processes in modern Russia. Prospects for the Olympic movement and other varieties of sports movement in the XXI century.

Topic 7. Sports and politics

The concepts of "politics", "political relations", "political consciousness".

The problem of the relationship between sports and the Olympic movement with politics. Various approaches to solving this problem.

The real relationship between sport (Olympic movement) and politics. Forms of manifestation of this relationship, its positive and negative aspects. The role of sport in the system of international relations. Sport as a factor of peace and confrontation. Sports and culture of the world.

State and sport. State policy of Russia and other countries in the field of physical education and sports.

Political and sports-political culture, its significance for athletes and specialists in the field of physical culture and sports.

2. Tasks for independent work

2. Preparation of reports for presentation in the classroom.

3. Writing essays on the topic of the course.

3. Approximate topics of abstracts

1. Philosophical (logical-methodological, sociological, cultural, aesthetic, ethical or socio-philosophical problems in general) associated with a certain sport, a certain form of physical culture and sports activity (taking into account the topic of the master's thesis).

2. The role of philosophy (logic and methodology of science, sociology, cultural studies, ethics, aesthetics) in the scientific study of the problem, which is devoted to the master's thesis.

3. The problem of introducing, evaluating and unifying a certain concept or a number of concepts used in the analysis of the topic of a master's thesis.

4. Analysis of any method of scientific knowledge (for example, systemic, complex, historical, etc.) that has a general scientific or philosophical status and is related to the topic of a master's thesis.

5. Humanistic potential and real humanistic value of a certain sport (in connection with the topic of the master's thesis).

4. An indicative list of questions for the test

1. General characteristics of the socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports, their typology, specificity, role and significance.

11. Physical activity (physical education) as a form of human motor activity, its place in the system of cultural phenomena.

12. The system of concepts that characterize sport and related phenomena.

13. Social role and social functions of sport, its varieties.

14. Social significance of elite sport. The meaning and significance of records in sports.

15. Social barriers on the way of increasing the physical culture and sports activity of the population and ways to overcome them.

16. Discussions about the cultural, humanistic value of sports and ways to solve it.

17. Social significance of children's sports. Is it acceptable from a humanistic point of view to use sports competitions in the system of education, upbringing and organization of children's leisure?

18. Socio-cultural potential of physical culture and sports activities, its place in the system of cultural phenomena.

19. Aesthetic content of physical culture and sports activities and related forms of aesthetic activities, their role and significance.

20. The problem of integration of sports and art and ways to solve it.

21. Moral potential of physical culture and sports activities and ways of its implementation.

22. Humanistic, cultural value of modern sports. Discussions on this issue and ways to solve them.

23. The main provisions of the philosophical concept of Olympism Coubertin.

24. social entity, ideals and values of the Olympic Movement.

25. Features of Olympism as a philosophical concept.

26. Humanistic, cultural value of the Olympic movement on present stage. Discussions on this issue and ways to solve them.

27. Factors affecting the humanistic cultural value of modern sports and the Olympic movement.

28. Olympic movement and other types of sports movement, their relationship and social role.

29. The relationship of sports, politics and ideology. Sport as a factor of peace and confrontation in international relations. Sports and culture of the world.

30. State policy of Russia and other countries in the field of physical education and sports.

III. Distribution of course hours by topics and types of work

№	Name	Total	Auditory lessons	Self. Job
Including
Lectures	Semin.
1.	Introduction	1	1	–	–
2.	General characteristics of socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports	11	1	–	4
3.	Logical and methodological problems of scientific knowledge of physical culture and sports	26	4		8
4.	Socio-philosophical problems of physical culture	14	2	2	8
5.	Socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports activities	34	4	2	10
6.	Socio-philosophical problems of the Olympic movement	22	4	2	8
7.	Sports and politics	12	2	2	4
	TOTAL	70	18	10	42

IV. Form of final control - offset

V. Educational and methodological support of the course

1. "Bodily man" in socio-cultural space and time (essays on social and cultural anthropology). - M., 1997.

2. The relationship between sports and politics from the standpoint of humanism (series: “Humanistics of the competition. Third edition): Sat. articles/Comp. and ed.: , // - M .: Humanitarian Center "Spart" RSUPC, 2005.

3. Humanistic theory and practice of sports. Issue. 1. International sports and the Olympic movement from the standpoint of humanism: Sat / Comp. and ed. , . – M.: MGIU, 2000.

4., Petrov P. K. Fundamentals of scientific and methodological activities in physical culture and sports:: Proc. allowance for students. higher ped. textbook establishments. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy". 2002.

5. Olympic Charter. Per. from English. – M.: Sov. sport, 2008.

6. Student's Olympic textbook: A manual for the formation of the system of Olympic education in non-sports universities / etc. - M. - Sov. sport, 2003. - 128 p.

7., Stolyarov in the aesthetics of sports. – M.: FiS, 1984.

8., Kosmina-methodical activity: Textbook. – M.: Physical culture, 2005.

9. Sports, spiritual values, culture. Issue. 1-9. Historical and theoretical and methodological foundations: Sat./Comp. and ed. , . - M .: Humanitarian Center "SpArt" RGAFK, 1998.

10. Stolyarov problems of history and philosophical and sociological theory of physical culture and sports: Assembly speech. - M.: GTSOLIFK, 1984.

11. Stolyarov principles of defining concepts in the process of scientific research of physical culture and sports: Proc. manual for graduate students and applicants GTSOLIFKa. - M.: GTSOLIFK, 1984.

12. Stolyarov, the contribution of the Academy to the implementation, preservation and development of the spiritual values of sports on the basis of a new humanistic program: Act speech. - M.: RGAFK, 1997. - 72 p.

13. Joiners of physical culture and sports: Textbook. - M.: Physical culture, 2004. - 400 p.

14. Stolyarov V. I., Oreshkin sport and the Olympic movement in the system of international relations: Tutorial. - M .: "Ankil", 2009.

15., Alabin research methods in sports: Proc. allowance. Under total ed. . - Kharkov: Osnova, 1994.

16. Philosophy and sociology of sports in the XXI century // Theory and practice of physical culture. - 2000. - No. 6. - S. 46-55.

17. Values of sport and ways of its humanization. (Spirituality. Sport. Culture. Issue. Second): Sat./Comp. and ed. . - M .: RAO, Humanitarian Center "SpArt", RGAFK, 1996.

18. Reader on the sociology of physical culture and sports / Comp.:,. - M .: Physical culture, 2005. - Part 1.

19. Reader on the sociology of physical culture and sports / Comp.:,. - M .: Physical culture, 2005. - Part 2.

1. Humanistic theory and practice of sports. Issue. 2. Football as an object of humanistic research: Sat./Comp. and ed. : , . – M.: MGIU, 2000.

2. Egorov the meaning of modern Olympism // Theory and practice of physical culture. - 2001. - No. 7. - S. 18-23.

3. Matveev trend in modern physical culture // Theory and practice of physical culture. - 2003. - No. 5. - S. 5-11.

4. Materials of the All-Union Symposium "Problems of unification of basic concepts in physical culture and sports". - Minsk, 1974.

5. Neverkovich and the development of research areas and disciplines in the sciences of sports (methodological digression) // Olympic movement and social processes. Materials of the VII All-Russian. scientific and practical. conf. Sept., 25-27, 1996. Part I. - Krasnodar, 1996. - S. 53-59.

6. Seluyanov and theoretical ways of developing the theory of sports training // Theory and practice of physical culture. - 1998. - No. 3. - S. 46-50.

7. Sichivitsa knowledge and development of the science of physical culture and sports // Teoriya i praktika fizich. culture. - 1987. - No. 4. - S. 27-29.

8. Stolyarov's concept of Pierre de Coubertin and modernity // Olympic Bulletin No. 7. - M., 2005. - P. 84-94.

9., Barinov basics of sports culture of students: Monograph. – M.: Ankil, 2009.

10. , Bykhovskaya physical culture and physical education (innovative approach) // Theory and practice of physical culture. - 1998. - No. 5. - S. 11-15.

1. Films about the history of the Olympic Games prepared by the Central Olympic Academy.

2. The film “If Coubertin were alive” (in this film, famous athletes, champions of the Olympic Games express their opinion about the ideas of the founder of the modern Olympic movement, their significance at the present time and about the current problems of modern sports and the Olympic movement).

EXAM TICKETS FOR THE COURSE

"Philosophical and social problems of physical culture and sports"

1. General characteristics of the socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports, their typology, specificity, role and significance.

2. Sciences that study the socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports, their place and significance in the system of scientific foundations for the activities of specialists in the field of physical culture and sports.

3. The main trends in the development of scientific knowledge of physical culture and sports.

4. Main directions and forms of integration of scientific knowledge about physical culture and sports. The role of philosophical theory in this process.

5. Logical and methodological principles of introduction, evaluation and unification of concepts in the sciences of physical culture and sports.

6. Empirical and theoretical levels of scientific knowledge of physical culture and sports.

7. Methods of scientific knowledge of physical culture and sports, their classification.

8. The ratio of social and biological in the physical development of man. The process of socialization and socio-cultural modification of human corporality.

9. The concept, main indicators, structure and functions of physical (somatic) culture, its relationship with other elements of culture.

10. The historical nature of physical culture.

11. The need and state of development of the humanistics of the competition.

12. Physical activity (physical education) as a form of human motor activity, its place in the system of cultural phenomena.

13. The system of concepts that characterize sport and related phenomena.

14. Social role and social functions of sport, its varieties.

15. Social significance of elite sport. The meaning and significance of records in sports.

16. Social barriers on the way of increasing the physical culture and sports activity of the population and ways to overcome them.

17. Necessity, state and prospects for the development of a humanistic theory of sports.

18. Discussions about the cultural, humanistic value of sports and ways to solve it.

19. Social significance of children's sports. Is it acceptable from a humanistic point of view to use sports competitions in the system of education, upbringing and organization of children's leisure?

20. Socio-cultural potential of physical culture and sports activities, its place in the system of cultural phenomena.

21. The aesthetic content of physical culture and sports activities and related forms of aesthetic activities, their role and significance.

22. The problem of integration of sports and art and ways to solve it.

23. Moral potential of physical culture and sports activities and ways of its implementation.

24. Humanistic, cultural value of modern sports. Discussions on this issue and ways to solve them.

25. The relationship of sports, politics and ideology. Sport as a factor of peace and confrontation in international relations.

26. The relationship of sport with other forms of humanistic game organization of rivalry.

27. The main provisions of the philosophical concept of Olympism P. de Coubertin.

28. Social essence, ideals and values of the Olympic movement.

29. Features of Olympism as a philosophical concept.

30. The conceptual apparatus and the main provisions of the theory of Olympic culture.

31. Humanistic, cultural value of the Olympic movement at the present stage. Discussions on this issue and ways to solve them.

32. Factors affecting the humanistic cultural value of modern sports and the Olympic movement.

33. Olympic movement and other types of sports movement, their relationship and social role.

34. The problem of the relationship between sports and the Olympic movement with politics.

35. The role of sports in the system of international relations. Sport as a factor of peace and confrontation.

36. State policy of Russia and other countries in the field of physical education and sports.

37. Political and sports-political culture, its significance for athletes and specialists in the field of physical culture and sports.

Sport and culture in philosophy. Program of the course "Philosophical and social problems of physical culture and sports

Foreword

I. Historical outline

1. Evolution of philosophical reflection of physical culture and sports

№

Name

Total

Auditory lessons

Self.

Job

Including

Lectures

Semin.

1.

Introduction

1

1

–

–

2.

General characteristics of socio-philosophical problems of physical culture and sports

11

1

–

4

3.

Logical and methodological problems of scientific knowledge of physical culture and sports

26

4

8

4.

Socio-philosophical problems of physical culture

14

2

2

8

5.

Socio-philosophical

problems of physical culture and sports activities

34

4

2

10

6.

Socio-philosophical problems of the Olympic movement

22

4

2

8

7.

Sports and politics

12

2

2

4

TOTAL

70

18

10

42

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