Practical work with presentation of ancient Russian architecture. Presentation on the Moscow Art Hall on the topic "Ancient Russian architecture"
Cities of Russia Many ancient Russian cities and villages managed to preserve the unhurried flow of life, and the heritage of our ancestors, which is rightfully ranked among the treasures of Russia - kremlins and monasteries, churches and bell towers, stone chambers and log huts, built as they could in Rus' without a single nail. Many ancient Russian cities and villages managed to preserve both the unhurried flow of life and the heritage of our ancestors, which is rightfully considered one of the treasures of Russia - kremlins and monasteries, churches and bell towers, stone chambers and log huts, built as they knew how in Rus' without a single nail .
Belfry of the Moscow Kremlin Bell tower of Ivan the Great in the Kremlin 14th century. It consists of 3 tiers and looks like an ancient wooden watchtower. On each tier there is a ringing gallery. Its height is 81 meters. Napoleon blew it up, but it survived. The belfry was installed in the year.
12 Russian culture Ancient Russian churches were not only places of communication with God, but also centers of culture. Many unique temple buildings have been destroyed and resurrected from ruins over the past centuries. These amazing architectural masterpieces extraordinarily embodied the identity of the nation, country and state. Ancient Russian churches were not only places of communication with God, but also centers of culture. Many unique temple buildings have been destroyed and resurrected from ruins over the past centuries. These amazing architectural masterpieces extraordinarily embodied the identity of the nation, country and state.
Russian architecture, like all culture, developed under the influence of Byzantium. And this is understandable, since Rus' adopted Christianity from Byzantium.
The shape of Russian and Byzantine churches is cross-domed, that is, at the base of the temple there is a cross, above it there are vaults and a dome.
Sofia Kyiv
The first temples were multi-domed. The Kyiv Sofia has 13 chapters.
The structure of an ancient Russian temple
dome
drum
zakomars
apse
portal
Vladimir school
Novgorod school
The churches of the Novgorod school are more squat, as if rooted into the ground.
Vladimir's churches, on the contrary, tend to the sky.
Novgorod churches have a dome, a drum and an apse below.
The Novgorod churches are not decorated, but the Vladimir ones are decorated with an arcature-columnar belt, they have carved zakomaras and a portal.
Vladimir school
Dmitrovsky Cathedral in Vladimir
Novgorod school
Church of the Savior on Nereditsa in Novgorod
St. George's Cathedral of the Yuryev Monastery in Novgorod. 1119
This temple is characterized by the dismemberment of form and the liberation of internal space.
Novgorod churches of the 14th century
The new form of the temple is a three-lobed finish.
The facades are decorated with many windows with their frames - edges.
Lancet windows also create a sense of upward movement.
This desire is emphasized by the triangular completion of the three layers of the building’s wall.
Church of Fyodor Stratilates in Novgorod. 1361
Church of the Transfiguration in Novgorod. 1374
Vladimir school
This school developed in the 12th century, when the Vladimir-Suzdal principality became one of the leading ones. Temples are built from white stone. They are characterized by elongated proportions and an upward tendency.
Vladimir churches are richly decorated.
Golden Gate in Vladimir
Five-domed Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
The temple is dedicated to the Protection of the Virgin Mary, who, according to ancient belief, held a cloth in her hands - a cover, protecting the city from enemies.
The temple was built in honor of the seventeen-year-old son of Andrei Bogolyubsky, young Izyaslav, who died in a fierce battle. Which folk legend calls a cherry cut down in bloom. The young man killed by his enemies may have been buried on Nerlin Hill or in the temple itself. Returning from a victorious campaign against the Volga Bulgars, Andrei grieved for his son, and he himself chose the place for this temple.
Moscow school of the 14th-15th centuries
With the advance of the Moscow principality in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Moscow school of architecture began to develop. The Kremlin temples were built first. But not a single temple has survived to this day.
The ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin is being created under the leadership of Italian architects. Thus, the Assumption Cathedral was created in 1475-1479 by the architect Aristotle Fiorovanti. Although the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir was chosen as the basis for this temple, new qualities are clearly visible. This is integrity, geometric shape, division, isolation of facade compositions, heavy weight, earthiness. It amazes with its power and monumentality
Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin
The more refined Archangel Cathedral, built by Aleviz the New in 1505-1508. Interesting in this temple is the grid of elegant order forms. Running along the façade in two tiers. Decorative shells are inserted into the zakomaras.
This temple is the tomb of the Moscow kings.
Blagoveshchensky cathedral
Built by Pskovites in 1484-1489. This is the home church of the Moscow sovereigns.
Ivan the Great belltower
Built in 1505-1508 by the architect Bon Fryazin. Before this, bell towers were two-tiered or three-tiered bell towers. Or the domes were located under the drum of the temple.
Kolomenskoye
In the 16th century, the tent style appeared.
The tent is the high pyramidal octagonal end of the temple.
The transition to the tent reflected the desire of the architects to emphasize the elevation.
The Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye became a masterpiece of tent art.
Wooden palace in Kolomenskoye, the eighth wonder of the world
St. Basil's Cathedral (Pokrovsky Cathedral)
This is the most complex tent temple. Built by Barma and Postnik in the 1550-1560s by order of Ivan the Terrible. This is not one building. And a whole ensemble of nine buildings. The central pillar ends with a tent, and the rest, lower ones, with domes.
This temple. In addition to the complexity of its form. It amazes with its decorativeness. Not a single surface is left without divisions or without coloring features. Each chapter differs from the other in both color and carved patterns.
17th century churches
Zakomary
17th century churches
Five-domed Trinity Church in Nikitniki 1626-1653
One-domed church
Secular architecture
Civil engineering expanded in the 17th century. An example of such a building is the English Courtyard. It is believed that Aleviz built it.
In the Kremlin, Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov, Tefil Sharutin and Larion Ushakov erected the picturesque and festive Terem Palace.
It has a tiered structure: on the basement with the walkway there are the royal upper chambers, and above them is a golden-domed mansion with a watchtower.
Naryshkin style Church of the Intercession in Fili
This style developed in the 17th century. At the base of the temple there is a four-piece, on it there is an eight-piece, then another, smaller one, then another, even smaller one, and finally an onion-shaped dome. The transitions between tiers were especially decorated.
These temples were created from red brick, the decor was white stone.
Novodevichy Convent
Monasteries played a significant role in the defense system of the ancient capital. It was at the walls of the Novodevichy Convent that the troops of Kazy-Girey were defeated.
The wooden walls of the Novodevichy Convent were replaced with stone ones simultaneously with the construction of the White City. The Kremlin served as a model for them.
Transfiguration Gate Church
Which cathedral is one of the most ancient, multi-domed?
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
Sofia Kyiv
Church of the Savior on Nereditsa
St Basil's Church
In what century was the Kremlin's Assumption Cathedral built?
16
14
12
15
Which architect created St. Basil's Cathedral?
Bon Fryazin
Aleviz New
Aristotle Fiorovanti
Barma
Which cathedral was built by order of Andrei Bogolyubsky?
Assumption Cathedral
in Vladimir
Sofia Kyiv
Dmitrovsky Cathedral
in Vladimir
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
Why were the first churches called cross-domed? Because …
There is a cross above their dome
At their base is a cross,
and above it is a dome
Decorated with crosses
and domes
Slide 1
Slide 2
Russian architecture, like all culture, developed under the influence of Byzantium. And this is understandable, since Rus' adopted Christianity from Byzantium. The shape of Russian and Byzantine churches is cross-domed, that is, at the base of the temple there is a cross, above it there are vaults and a dome.
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Vladimir school Novgorod school The churches of the Novgorod school are more squat, as if rooted into the ground. Vladimir's churches, on the contrary, tend to the sky. Novgorod churches have a dome, a drum and an apse below. The Novgorod churches are not decorated, but the Vladimir ones are decorated with an arcature-columnar belt, they have carved zakomaras and a portal.
Slide 6
The churches of the Novgorod school are more squat, as if rooted into the ground. Vladimir's churches, on the contrary, tend to the sky. Novgorod churches have a dome, a drum and an apse below. The Novgorod churches are not decorated, but the Vladimir ones are decorated with an arcature-columnar belt, they have carved zakomaras and a portal. Vladimir school Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir Novgorod school Church of the Savior on Nereditsa in Novgorod
Slide 7
St. George's Cathedral of the Yuryev Monastery in Novgorod. 1119 This temple is characterized by the dismemberment of form and the liberation of internal space
Slide 8
The new form of the temple is a three-lobed finish. The facades are decorated with many windows with their frames - edges. Lancet windows also create a sense of upward movement. This desire is emphasized by the triangular completion of the three layers of the building’s wall. Novgorod temples of the 14th century Church of the Transfiguration in Novgorod. 1374 Church of Fyodor Stratelates in Novgorod. 1361
Slide 9
Vladimir school This school developed in the 12th century, when the Vladimir-Suzdal principality became one of the leading ones. Temples are built from white stone. They are characterized by elongated proportions and an upward tendency. Vladimir churches are richly decorated. Five-domed Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir Golden Gate in Vladimir
Slide 10
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl The temple is dedicated to the Intercession of the Virgin Mary, who, according to ancient belief, held a cloth in her hands - a covering, protecting the city from enemies. The temple was built in honor of the seventeen-year-old son of Andrei Bogolyubsky, young Izyaslav, who died in a fierce battle. Which folk legend calls a cherry cut down in bloom. The young man killed by his enemies may have been buried on Nerlin Hill or in the temple itself. Returning from a victorious campaign against the Volga Bulgars, Andrei grieved for his son, and he himself chose the place for this temple.
Slide 11
Moscow school of the 14th-15th centuries With the advancement of the Moscow principality in the 14th-15th centuries, the Moscow school of architecture began to develop. The Kremlin temples were built first. But not a single temple has survived to this day. The ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin is being created under the leadership of Italian architects. Thus, the Assumption Cathedral was created in 1475-1479 by the architect Aristotle Fiorovanti. Although the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir was chosen as the basis for this temple, new qualities are clearly visible. This is integrity, geometric shape, division, isolation of facade compositions, heavy weight, earthiness. It amazes with its power and monumentality
Slide 12
Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin The more refined Archangel Cathedral, built by Aleviz the New in 1505-1508. Interesting in this temple is the grid of elegant order forms. Running along the façade in two tiers. Decorative shells are inserted into the zakomaras. This temple is the tomb of the Moscow kings.
Slide 13
Annunciation Cathedral Built by Pskovites in 1484-1489. This is the home church of the Moscow sovereigns.
Slide 14
Bell tower of Ivan the Great Built in 1505-1508 by architect Bon Fryazin. Before this, bell towers were two-tiered or three-tiered bell towers. Or the domes were located under the drum of the temple.
Slide 15
Kolomenskoye In the 16th century, the tent style appeared. The tent is the high pyramidal octagonal end of the temple. The transition to the tent reflected the desire of the architects to emphasize the elevation. The Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye became a masterpiece of tent art. Wooden palace in Kolomenskoye, the eighth wonder of the world
Slide 16
Slide 17
St. Basil's Cathedral (Pokrovsky Cathedral) This is the most complex tented church. Built by Barma and Postnik in the 1550-1560s by order of Ivan the Terrible. This is not one building. And a whole ensemble of nine buildings. The central pillar ends with a tent, and the rest, lower ones, with domes. This temple. In addition to the complexity of its form. It amazes with its decorativeness. Not a single surface is left without divisions or without coloring features. Each chapter differs from the other in both color and carved patterns.
Slide 18
Churches of the 17th century In the 17th century, the cross-domed church further developed. It becomes five-headed with clearly defined tiered mosquitoes. Zakomary
Slide 19
Churches of the 17th century Five-domed Trinity Church in Nikitniki 1626-1653 One-domed church
Slide 20
Secular architecture In the 17th century, civil engineering expanded. An example of such a building is the English Courtyard. It is believed that Aleviz built it. In the Kremlin, Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov, Tefil Sharutin and Larion Ushakov erected the picturesque and festive Terem Palace. It has a tiered structure: on the basement with the walkway there are the royal upper chambers, and above them is a golden-domed mansion with a watchtower.
Slide 21
Naryshkin style Church of the Intercession in Fili This style developed in the 17th century. At the base of the temple there is a four-piece, on it there is an eight-piece, then another, smaller one, then another, even smaller one, and finally an onion-shaped dome. The transitions between tiers were especially decorated. These temples were created from red brick, the decor was white stone.
Slide 22
Novodevichy Convent Monasteries played a significant role in the defense system of the ancient capital. It was at the walls of the Novodevichy Convent that the troops of Kazy-Girey were defeated. The wooden walls of the Novodevichy Convent were replaced with stone ones simultaneously with the construction of the White City. The Kremlin served as a model for them. Transfiguration Gate Church
Architecture.
St. Sophia Cathedral of Kyiv 1037
St. Sophia's Cathedral was built in the 11th century in the center of Kyiv by order of Yaroslav the Wise. Inside the Cathedral, many ancient frescoes and mosaics have been preserved, including the famous mosaic of Our Lady of Oranta
St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv reflected a combination of Slavic and Byzantine traditions: thirteen joyful domes of the new temple were placed on the base of the cross-domed church. This step pyramid of the St. Sophia Cathedral resurrected the style of Russian timber architecture. The St. Sophia Cathedral, made during the establishment and rise of Rus' under Yaroslav the Wise, showed that construction is also politics. And indeed, with this temple, Rus' challenged Byzantium, its recognized shrine - the St. Sophia Cathedral of Constantinople.
St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
Fresco - Painting with water paints on freshly applied, damp plaster. Mosaic - an image made up of small pieces of marble or smalt (colored glass).
.
The Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (in common parlance the “Great Church”) is the main cathedral temple of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, the “God-created” prototype of all monastic churches of Ancient Rus', the tomb of the Kyiv princes. Founded in 1073 on the initiative of Theodosius of Pechersk and built in three years with the money of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich.
Novgorod Sofia.
The Cathedral of St. Sophia is the main Orthodox church of Veliky Novgorod, created in 1045-1050. In 1046, Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise and Princess Irina went to Novgorod to see their son Vladimir to lay the foundation stone for the St. Sophia Cathedral, which was founded in place of a burnt wooden temple. Initially, the walls of the temple were not whitewashed, with the exception of the curved apses and drums in the plan, covered with a layer of cement. The inner sides of the walls were also exposed, while the vaults were originally plastered with cement and covered with frescoes. This design was chosen under the influence of the architecture of Constantinople, in which marble wall cladding was combined with mosaics on the vaults; however, marble was replaced by limestone and mosaics by frescoes. The bronze Magdeburg Gate in the Romanesque style with a large number of high reliefs and sculptures is mounted on the western portal.
The Church of the Savior on Nereditsa is the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord, located 1.5 km south of Veliky Novgorod on the right bank of the former riverbed of the Maly Volkhovets, on a small hill next to the Rurik Settlement. It was erected in one season around 1198 under the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich in memory of his two dead sons. The frescoes of Nereditsa are the most precious monument of Novgorod monumental painting of the 12th century.
The Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir - before the rise of Moscow, was the main (cathedral) church of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus', where the Vladimir and Moscow princes were married for their great reign. One of the few churches in which unique frescoes by Andrei Rublev have been preserved. The original white stone cathedral was built under Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky in 1158-1160.
Demetrius Cathedral of the city of Vladimir is a court cathedral erected by Vsevolod the Big Nest at the princely court and consecrated in honor of the Great Martyr Dmitry of Thessalonica, built in 1194-1197.
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl is a white stone temple in the Vladimir region of Russia, one and a half kilometers from Bogolyubov. In 1165, the Church of the Intercession was built in memory of the deceased son of the Grand Duke Izyaslav Andreevich.
Golden Gate
an outstanding monument of ancient Russian architecture, located in the city of Vladimir. Built in 1164 under the Vladimir prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. In addition to defensive purposes, the gate also had a triumphal character. They decorated the main entrance to the richest princely-boyar part of the city. During the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky, the city was surrounded by an extended rampart and had seven entrance gates (besides the Golden ones, these are Copper, Irininy or Orininy, Silver, Ivanovo, Trade and Volzhsky). Only the Golden Gate has survived to this day.
St. George's Cathedral of the Yuryev Monastery is an Orthodox church of the Yuryev Monastery (Veliky Novgorod). Built in 1119, it belongs to the monuments of ancient Russian architecture of the pre-Mongol period. Construction of the cathedral, which became the main temple of the Yuryev Monastery, began in 1119. The initiator of the construction was Grand Duke Mstislav Vladimirovich. Construction of the cathedral lasted 11 years; before completion, its walls were covered with frescoes. The cathedral became the tomb of the abbots of the monastery, a number of Russian princes and Novgorod mayors.
Old Russian art Old Russian art is usually called the period in the history of Russian art, which began with the emergence of the Kievan state and continued until Peter’s reforms (from the 9th to the 17th centuries). In the thousand-year history of Russian art, this period accounts for more than seven centuries.
Russian medieval architecture is one of the most striking pages in the cultural history of Rus'. Architectural monuments fill our ideas about the development of culture with living, imaginative content and help us understand many aspects of history that are not reflected in written sources. This fully applies to the monumental architecture of the ancient, pre-Mongol period. As in the Western European Middle Ages, Russian architecture of the X-XIII centuries. was the main type of art, subordinating and including many other types, primarily painting and sculpture. From this time to the present day, brilliant monuments have been preserved, often not inferior in their artistic perfection to the best masterpieces of world architecture.
Wood was initially used in the architecture of the Eastern Slavs, who later formed the Russian state. At the end of the 10th century. Prince Vladimir adopted Christianity and proclaimed it the state religion. Along with Christianity, new methods of construction also penetrated into Kievan Rus. From the very beginning, church art here has a Byzantine character.
Old Russian architecture, despite its great monumentality, is characterized by extreme plasticity of forms, some special feeling of their calm and inviolability, commensurate with the size of a person, his scale and needs. All this also applies fully to the interiors of secular and religious buildings.
The initial period in the development of ancient Russian art is determined by the art of the Eastern Slavs. They were engaged in agriculture, worshiped deities who personified the forces of nature, and created images of these gods, so-called idols. Many of the mythological motifs, such as the images of the foremother-patron of the clan, sacred horses, and the firebird, have firmly entered the popular consciousness and have been carefully preserved in peasant embroidery and carving down to the present day. But they lost their original meaning and turned into an entertaining fairy tale, an intricate pattern motif.
The most ancient artistic creativity of the Slavs was most fully expressed in the production of jewelry and household items, especially metal products: rings, necklaces, wrists, earrings, often covered with a fine pattern of niello and enamel. This artistic craft was original and bore the stamp of high skill.
With the strengthening of the Kyiv state and the adoption of Christianity, art acquired a monumental, majestic character, enriched with the traditions of Byzantine culture, but largely lost its poetic freshness and fabulous naivety. New monumental art reached its peak already in the 11th century.
St. Sophia Cathedral is an example of a cross-domed church, which gained particular popularity among ancient Russian architects. The Cathedrals of St. Sophia in Novgorod (city) and Polotsk were built on the model of the Kyiv temple. The Kiev Sophia indirectly influenced the composition of many other church buildings of Ancient Rus', including the Assumption Cathedral of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery (exploded in 1942, restored in the 1990s), cathedrals in Rostov and Suzdal.
Small rural churches were built according to the type of hut, which is always based on a crown of four logs, which when connected form a square or rectangle, and the entire hut consists of several crowns superimposed on each other - a log house covered with a gable or hipped roof. This principle was preserved in more complex structures - towers, palaces, fortress towers. Sometimes, instead of a quadrangular frame (chetverik), an octagonal frame (octagon) is built. The principle of connecting fours and eights can be traced in the stone architecture of Rus' right up to modern times.
The process of development of ancient Russian architecture, as well as the entire culture of ancient Rus', was significantly slowed down by the Mongol-Tatar invasion. The connections and contacts between construction masters from various regions of Rus', already disrupted due to fragmentation, were reduced, princely courts and monasteries fell into decay - traditional centers of cultural life, builders and icon painters went to the Horde, willy-nilly. The state of shock lasted for about half a century. But already at the end of the 13th century, a revival of Russian architecture began on the outskirts of North-Western Rus'.
As Moscow rose and its pretensions grew, the role of trendsetter in the sphere of secular and temple architecture passed to it, rather than the primacy among the Russian lands. Already in the 14th century, architects, stone craftsmen, and icon painters began to flock to Moscow, with whose ideas and hands white-stone Moscow was rebuilt. The 14th century in the history of Moscow architecture was marked by the construction of the first stone walls of the Kremlin, the Assumption and Archangel Cathedrals, which have not survived to our time. Moscow architecture developed in line with the traditions of the Vladimir-Suzdal school.
Preserve the culture of our country! Unfortunately, the turbulent Russian history and merciless time have left us not much authentic evidence of those years. In the 20s of the last century, a gang in leather jackets walked like a monstrous skating rink through Russian monuments, then a “peacemaker” with a shoe in his hand, and then the “reformers”. Over the past ten years alone, more than 150 architectural monuments have been destroyed in Moscow. And in the provinces there is often no need to destroy anything - everything is destroyed just like that. However, much still survives.
