Buddha - Founder of Buddhism. Founder of Buddhism

Birth of Prince Siddhartha Gautama. Poster of master Maligavage Sarlis. Sri Lanka, mid-20th century Amazon.com, Inc.

Unlike the other two major world religions (Christianity and Islam), Buddhism is a non-theistic religion, that is, it denies the existence of a creator God and an eternal soul. Founder of Buddhism In Sanskrit, the word "buddha" means "awakened one." Siddhartha Gautama from the Shakya clan, who belonged to the kshatriya varna, that is, to the warrior class, was born in northern India, presumably in the middle of the 6th century BC. e. His biography very early became overgrown with various legends, and the historical layer firmly merged with the mythological, starting with the circumstances of his birth, which were very unusual. The prince's future mother dreamed that a white elephant entered her body, and this was interpreted as a harbinger of the coming into the world of a great man, the future ruler of the Universe.

Siddhartha's childhood and youth were cloudless: he knew neither illness, nor grief, nor need. But one day, leaving the palace, he encountered a sick man, an old man and a funeral procession. This shocked him so much that he left home and became an ascetic.

At the age of 35, during long meditation, Siddhartha achieves enlightenment, that is, becomes a Buddha, and begins to preach his teaching - the dharma. The essence of this teaching was the four noble truths. Firstly, the world is imperfect and full of suffering. Secondly, the source of suffering is desires and the thirst for life, which make the wheel of samsara rotate - the cycle of life, death, new births. Thirdly, one can escape the cycle of samsara by achieving enlightenment (bodhi) and ultimately nirvana, that is, a state of blissful non-existence. Fourth, there is an eight-step path to liberation that includes ethical practice, meditation, and saving wisdom. This path is called the eightfold and middle path because it is equidistant from both the path of strict asceticism and a life full of pleasures (which ultimately turn into suffering).

2. How is Buddhism different from Hinduism?

Buddha (center) as an avatar of Vishnu. Bas-relief of the Chennakesava temple. Somanathapura, India, mid-13th century Jean-Pierre Dalbera / CC BY 2.0

Buddhism is a world religion; therefore, representatives of any nationality can become Buddhists. This is one of the radical differences between Buddhism and Hinduism. Hinduism is the religion of India, which is practiced by more than 80% of the country's population. Unlike Buddhism, Hinduism is a national religion, membership of which is determined by birth. Hinduism is a collection of different traditions, which, as is commonly believed, are united by recognition of the authority of the Vedas - the main sacred text of Hinduism.- national and absolutely closed to outside penetration of religion. The social structure of Indian society was formed by four classes, varnas - Brahmans (priests and scientists), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (farmers and traders) and Shudras (artisans and hired workers). Belonging to the varnas was determined solely by birth - just like belonging to Hinduism in general.

Buddhism, which was at first one of the many movements in opposition to Hinduism, became a radical reformist teaching both intellectually, spiritually, and socially. Buddhists placed a person's ethical merit above birth, rejecting the varna system and the authority of the brahmanas. Over time, this small movement developed its own social structure, corpus of sacred texts and cult practices. Having become a world religion, it spread far beyond the borders of the Hindustan Peninsula.

However, Buddhism gradually declined in India. Today, less than 1% of Indians consider themselves Buddhists. In terms of numbers, Buddhism ranks only fifth among the religions widespread in India, significantly inferior to Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Sikhism Sikhism- one of the national religions of India, founded in the 16th century in Punjab.. At the same time, the founder of Buddhism, Buddha Shakyamuni, is revered in Hinduism as one of the incarnations (one of the avatars) of the god Vishnu. But in the world ranking of religions, Buddhism is in fourth place: it is professed by 7% of the world's population.

3. What does it mean to be a Buddhist?

Buddha surrounded by followers. Painting in a Buddhist temple in Thailand Wikimedia Commons

For several centuries, the Buddha's teachings were transmitted orally, and in the 1st century BC. e. was written on palm leaves, which were kept in three baskets. Hence the name of the Buddhist canon - Tripitaka (“Three Baskets”). There are several directions and many schools in Buddhism, but all Buddhists are united by the belief in the “three jewels” - the Buddha, the dharma (the teachings of the Buddha) and the sangha (monastic community). The rite of entry into the Buddhist community involves pronouncing a short ritual formula mentioning the “three jewels”: “I go under the protection of the Buddha, I go under the protection of the dharma, I go under the protection of the Sangha.”

In addition, all Buddhists must follow the five rules set by the Buddha: do not harm living beings, do not steal, do not commit adultery, do not lie, and do not use alcohol or drugs.

4. Are there any branches in Buddhism (as in Christianity)?

Mandala Vasudhara. Nepal, 1777 The Metropolitan Museum of Art

There are three directions in Buddhism: Theravada - “teaching of the elders”, Mahayana - “great vehicle” The word "chariot" implies that the teaching is a kind of vehicle that carries people to enlightenment. and Vajrayana - “diamond chariot”. Theravada, widespread mainly in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, is considered the most ancient movement, dating directly back to Buddha Shakyamuni and his circle of disciples.

From the point of view of Mahayana followers, Theravada is an overly elitist teaching, which they contemptuously call Hinayana, that is, “the little vehicle,” because it assumes that one can achieve nirvana only by taking the path of monasticism. Mahayanis claim that lay people can also achieve enlightenment. A special role for them is played by the teaching about bodhisattvas - enlightened people who voluntarily remained in samsara in order to help other people get out of the cycle of birth and death. Thus, in the Tibetan tradition, the spiritual leader of the Tibetans, the Dalai Lama XIV, is considered the embodiment of the Bodhisattva of Mercy Avalokiteshvara. Mahayana is widespread in China, Tibet, Nepal, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Southern Siberia.

Finally, Vajrayana arose within Mahayana at the end of the 1st millennium AD. e., reaching its highest peak in Tibet. Followers of this movement argued that it was possible to achieve enlightenment within one life if one adhered to Buddhist virtues and resorted to special meditative practices. Currently distributed mainly in Mongolia, Tibet, Buryatia, Tyva and Kalmykia.

5. Is there one Buddha, or are there many?

Future Buddha Maitreya. An image of a thangka (drawing on fabric) commissioned by the 8th Dalai Lama in memory of his deceased mentor. Tibet, 1793-1794 Norton Simon Art Foundation

Buddhism postulates the existence of countless “awakened ones” - Buddhas, and Shakyamuni is the most famous of them. However, in Buddhist texts you can find the names of his predecessors - there are from 7 to 28. In addition, another Buddha is expected to come in the future - Maitreya Translated from Sanskrit - “loving, merciful.”. Now, as Buddhists believe, the bodhi-sattva Maitreya resides in the Tushita heaven (that is, in the “Garden of Joy”), and will subsequently appear on earth, achieve enlightenment, becoming a Buddha, and begin to preach “pure dharma.”

6. Is Buddha a god or not?

Hanabusa Itcho. Death of Buddha. 1713 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

As mentioned above, Buddhism is a non-theistic religion. However, in Buddhist mythology, the “human” aspects of the life of Buddha Shakyamuni coexist with descriptions of his supernatural abilities, as well as phenomena of a cosmic scale that accompanied different stages of his life path. He is spoken of as a pre-existing being capable of creating special worlds - “Buddha fields”.

The ashes of Buddha are perceived as evidence of his mystical presence in our world and are surrounded by special reverence. According to legend, it was divided into eight parts and kept in the first Buddhist religious buildings - stupas (from Sanskrit this is translated as “top of the head” or “earthen hill”). In addition, in the Mahayana there appeared the doctrine of the eternal “dharmic body” of the Buddha, which he possessed along with the ordinary, physical body. This body is identified both with dharma and with the universe as a whole. It is obvious that the Buddha is revered not only as a "great man" but also as a deity, especially in the Mahayana and Vajrayana.

In addition, Hindu deities were not expelled from the Buddhist pantheon at all - they were simply relegated to the background by the figure of Buddha. According to Buddhist teachings, gods, like all other living beings, are subject to the cycle of samsara and, in order to escape from it, they need to be reborn in the human world - after all, only in it are Buddhas born. By the way, before being born for the last time, Buddha Shakyamuni, according to legend, was reborn more than five hundred times and was a king, a frog, a saint, and a monkey.

7. Do Buddhists celebrate New Year?

Toyohara Chikanobu. A mother and daughter walk to a Buddhist temple with other pilgrims to celebrate the New Year. No later than 1912 Claremont Colleges Digital Library

In folk Buddhism, there are many holidays - very popular, although they have a very distant relationship with religion. One of them is the New Year, which is celebrated differently in different regions. In general, the Buddhist holiday cycle is based on the lunar calendar (everywhere except Japan). One of the main Buddhist holidays itself can be called Vesak, with which in different countries they associate from one to three key events in the life of Buddha Shakyamuni (birth, enlightenment, nirvana). Other holidays are Sangha Day, which commemorates the Buddha's meeting with his disciples, and Dharma Day, which commemorates the Buddha's first sermon. In addition, in Buddhist countries they celebrate the Day of All Dead: the pre-Buddhist cult of ancestors is very stable and plays a huge role.

8. Do Buddhists have temples?

Ernst Hein. Buddhist temple in Kyoto. Second half of the 19th century Pixels

The most famous Buddhist religious building is the stupa. Initially, stupas were built as reliquaries in which the remains of Buddha Shakyamuni were kept and read, and later - in memory of important events. There are several different types of stupas, and their architectural appearance largely depends on regional traditions: they can be hemispherical, square stepped or pagoda-shaped. To earn good karma, Buddhists practice ritual circumambulation of the stupa.

There are also temples that are even more architecturally diverse. It is believed that the three treasures of Buddhism are concentrated in them - the Buddha (his statues and other images), the dharma embodied in the texts of the Buddhist canon, and the sangha, represented by the monks living at the temple or monastery.

9. Are Buddhists vegetarians or not?

Sujata serves rice and milk to the Buddha. Thangka painting (drawing on fabric). Nepal Diomedia

It would seem that one of the most important Buddhist principles - ahimsa - presupposes refusal to eat meat. However, in reality, in different regions, food restrictions are largely determined by local customs. Among Buddhists there are both supporters and opponents of vegetarianism, and both of them cite the legendary sayings of the Buddha to support their position. Thus, there is a Buddhist parable about the deer and the tiger, in which the deer goes to hell because, boasting of his vegetarianism, he, by eating grass, unwittingly destroyed small insects, and the predator tiger, on the contrary, cleared his karma because I suffered and repented all my life.

Images: Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes. Tibet, 19th century Rubin Museum of Art

Sources

• Agadzhanyan A. S. The Buddhist path in the twentieth century. Religious values ​​and modern history of Theravada.
• Ermakova T.V., Ostrovskaya E.P. Classical Buddhism.
• Fisher M.P. 12 religions that are changing the world today.
• Smith Jo D. The Essence of Buddhism.
• The Story of Buddhism: A Concise Guide to Its History & Teachings.

  Ed. by Donald S. Jr. Lopez. San Francisco, 2001.

Buddhism is a religion according to which the soul is constantly reincarnated. The death of one body is the birth of another. Each new life brings new suffering and trials, needs and desires. The theory of reincarnation has another name, which sounds like the “wheel of Samsara”. It spins, and the soul of the creature is born again and again in a different image. The founder of Buddhism is a real historical figure, who by his example showed how to break the vicious circle.

Birth of the Enlightened One

The lotus flower is a symbol of Buddha. It originates and grows in a swamp, nevertheless it fascinates with its purity and innocence. In all centuries, the flower has been associated with human consciousness. Anyone can live as if in a swamp, surrounded on all sides by mud, but this should not prevent him from sprouting a pure and beautiful lotus.

The name of the founder of Buddhism is Siddhartha Gautama. This is a real historical figure who was born near the Himalayas around 563 BC in the city of Lumbini. Then it was the territory of northern India, now part of Nepal. The future educator was the son of a rajah. His father, Shuddhodana, ruled a semi-independent principality. There is a legend that before his mother became pregnant, he had a strange dream. She saw a white elephant - a symbol of great happiness. The woman died a few hours after the baby was born. According to Buddhism, by giving birth to the Enlightened One, she fulfilled her life's purpose. The child was raised by his aunt.

It was the father who gave the name Siddhartha, which meant “fulfillment of desires.” After the birth of his son, the king called the sage to tell him the fate of the child. The righteous Asita prophesied for him the life of either a successful ruler who would unite the lands, or a great philosopher. Everything depended on the path he chose. He could come to the second only by coming into contact with all the horrors of human life. But the father of the blessed child decided to choose his son’s fate himself. He was afraid that he would refuse the inheritance. Then the man did not even realize that his son was the founder of the Buddhism religion.

Great destiny

Shuddhodana limited the child's communication with the real world. The guy lived in happiness and without sadness. Depending on the time of year, the prince lived in a different palace. He dressed richly and was constantly entertained by beautiful dancers. Everyone who surrounded him was young, healthy and cheerful. The son of a rich man, he was educated in classical Indian literature. Gautama came from a warrior caste, so he also studied military craft. According to historical evidence, the founder of Buddhism was a handsome young man. At the age of 16 he married the princess.

But the essence demanded a different life, and from an early age Buddha often plunged into the world of dreams, comprehended silence, and sometimes moments of enlightenment came to him.

In general, Siddhartha lived ignorant of illness, poverty and death.

Four events set me on the path to self-discovery

Everything changed when Buddha was about thirty years old. While walking with a servant, he met an elderly and frail man. This shocked Siddhartha and he continuously questioned the servant about old age. Then fate introduced him to a leper who was terminally ill. The young man also saw a funeral procession. The fourth event that destroyed the familiar world was a meeting with an ascetic monk. But it was in him that he saw blessed peace and happiness. Everything new amazed Siddhartha so much that he was overcome by deep sadness. The serene childhood is gone forever.

Then the future founder of Buddhism decided to find a way out of the world of sadness and suffering.

All the requests of his relatives to abandon his futile search for happiness did not convince the man. Gautama left wealth, entertainment and the family where his son was born, and set out as a poor man on the path of enlightenment. At that time, this was rare because family values ​​were high.

The Path to Awakening

The man lived as a beggar and ate almost nothing. He was interested in various sciences of self-knowledge, but never found what he was looking for. The study of philosophical systems did not provide answers to his lofty questions. The teachings of various schools and practices also became ineffective.

Next, he sought the truth through asceticism. He starved himself and tortured his body. I turned to various gurus for advice, since the gods of Buddhism were not the path to the truth for anyone. There are sources who say that his body became so thin that his spine could be seen through his stomach. But holding his breath and refusing earthly goods did not bring him closer to the truth.

So, after some time he spent several days on the road. At the Nairanjana River, due to fatigue, he could not get up and fell into a deep faint. Attempts to know the truth through renunciation ended unsuccessfully, after which the man decided to no longer practice hunger and immobility. After taking a plate of rice from a peasant woman, he became an outcast to his friends. The ascetics thought that after six years of wandering through the forests, the man decided to return to a luxurious life.

Discovery of truth

Then the founder of Buddhism sat in the lotus position under a tree on the bank of the river. He promised himself to meditate until the truths were revealed to his vision.

For 49 days Siddhartha was motionless. And only after four weeks of practice, on a May night similar to the one when he was born, enlightenment came to him. He saw all his previous lives, the births and deaths of other beings, and realized that the mind is not eternal, but changes over time. From that day on, the man was called Buddha, that is, the Enlightened One.

The founder of Buddhism knew that the soul cannot find peace while desires arise. A person’s thirst for power, fame, and wealth is the basis of rebirth. And only by overcoming your weakness for desires can you leave a world that is filled with pain and grief. Such a victory will be crowned with nirvana, a state of absolute peace.

Even today the Buddhist world celebrates Vesak on this occasion. This is a celebration of the birth, enlightenment and death of the teacher.

Vocation

He returned from the wonderful world of silence, and the first thing he did was catch up with his fellow ascetics. To them the man opened his path to nirvana. He became a spiritual guide for the nations. Now in a world full of disappointments, Buddha shared his knowledge with people.

And so for another 45 years the founder of the religion of Buddhism walked throughout eastern and northern India. He and his followers opened to everyone, regardless of origin, a secret path to peace. His teaching was called the "eight-year path." Buddha broke faith in brahmanas and encouraged everyone to seek their own path of comprehension. He smashed the theory about the traditions of religions.

The end of suffering

Gautama lived to be 80 years old. His life ended in a poor blacksmith's hut, where his supporters were with him. After the death of the preacher, his disciples continued his work. One of them, two thousand years later, became the Dalai Lama.

Today Buddhism is not just a religion, it is also a philosophy.

There are no gods of Buddhism as such, but there is the teaching of Gautama. Fans consider him special because he was the first to discover nirvana, but not the only one to achieve enlightenment. Anyone who follows the right path will be able to achieve success. Your own path is a tool through which you can achieve absolute peace. This is not just renunciation of desires and material things, it is not the desire to possess them. The Buddha also taught that there was once something formless, eternal and all-encompassing. But the main goal is to grow something like God in yourself.

The concept of deity in Buddhism

Buddhism is a religion without God. In old Buddhist texts there are legends about some of the mythological creatures that made up the heavenly pantheon. For example, Siddhartha himself met under a tree, where he was enlightened, with the evil deity Mara. He tried to seduce him with beautiful dancers and scare him with terrible demons. But, as you know, Buddha survived and received insight as a reward. But people did not pray to Gautama or spirits such as the Maras. This deity, like many other things, the religion borrowed from Hinduism. So, for example, the concept of karma came into faith.

Buddha cannot be called an atheist. He avoided talking about God and preached dharma. This teaching of the Buddha is translated as "path", "law", "truth" or "life force", depending on the language.

Along the teacher's path

Gradually, through the disciples of the Enlightened One, the religion spread to the entire East. But man, the founder of the movement, was never considered something immense and heavenly. Not a unique living being, but only an example to follow - that's what the Buddha was. Religion easily entered into the traditions of people because it did not contradict their perceptions of God. Followers who preached the path to truth gathered during the rainy season to communicate with like-minded people. From such meetings monastic communities subsequently emerged. Their days consisted of meditations leading to nirvana.

There have been other Enlightened Ones in history, but they all came to the truth through the teachings of the Buddha. And today millions of people worship the wisdom of Siddharha. His dedication to the idea of ​​the highest destiny of man inspires to find his own path. Engage in self-knowledge and develop spiritually. This man gave up everything, starved, lost the respect of his family and was on the verge of death more than once. But in the end he became immortal and helped many find the true meaning of existence. Siddharha clearly demonstrated by his example that material values ​​mean nothing, because in fact everything is based on love.

SUBJECT OF PHILOSOPHY
1. From Greek the word “philosophy” is translated as:

love of wisdom

2. For the first time he used the word “philosophy” and called himself a “philosopher”:

3. Determine the time of emergence of philosophy:

VII-VI centuries. BC.

4. The fundamentals of being, problems of knowledge, the purpose of man and his position in the world are studied by:

philosophy

5. Worldview form of social consciousness, rationally substantiating the ultimate foundations of existence, including society and law:

philosophy

^ 6. The worldview function of philosophy is that:

philosophy helps a person understand himself, his place in the world

7. Worldview is:

a set of views, assessments, emotions that characterize a person’s attitude to the world and to himself

^ 8. What is the meaning of G. Hegel in the statement that “philosophy is an epoch captured by thought”?

The course of history depends on the direction of thinking of philosophers

^ 9. The defining feature of a religious worldview is:

belief in supernatural, otherworldly forces that have the ability to influence the course of events in the world

11.What is characteristic of the epistemic line in philosophy?

viewing reality as constantly evolving

^ 12. Ontology is:

the doctrine of existence, its fundamental principles

13. Epistemology is:

the doctrine of nature, the essence of knowledge

14. Anthropology is:

doctrine of man

15. Axiology is:

doctrine of values

16. Ethics is:

the doctrine of morality and moral values

^ 17. Section of philosophy in which problems of knowledge are developed

Epistemology

18.According to Marxist philosophy, the essence of the main question of philosophy is:

relation of consciousness to matter

19. Idealism is characterized by the following statement:

consciousness is primary, matter does not exist independently of consciousness

20.Dualism is characterized by the following thesis:

matter and consciousness are two principles that exist independently of each other

21.Who owns this statement: “I assert that there are no things. We're just used to talking about things; in fact, there is only my thinking, there is only my “I” with its inherent sensations. The material world only seems to us, is it just a certain way of talking about our feelings”?

To the subjective idealist

22.What historical type of worldview are we talking about here: “This is a holistic worldview, in which various ideas are linked into a single figurative picture of the world, combining reality and fantasy, the natural and the supernatural, knowledge and faith, thought and emotions”?

23. Some Christian theologians claim that the whole world. The entire Universe was created by God in six days, and God himself is a disembodied intellect, an all-perfect Personality. What philosophical direction does this view of the world correspond to?

Objective idealism

^ 24. A representative would agree with the statement: “Thinking is the same product of brain activity as bile is a product of liver activity”:

vulgar materialism

25. Agnosticism is:

doctrine that denies the knowability of the essence of the objective world

^ 26. Agnosticism is:

direction in the theory of knowledge, which believes that adequate knowledge of the world is impossible

27. They deny the possibility of knowing the world:

agnostics

28. The direction of Western European philosophy, which denies the cognitive value of philosophy, the presence of its own, original subject:

positivism
^ PHILOSOPHY OF THE ANCIENT EAST
29. The law of retribution in Indian religion and religious philosophy, which determines the nature of the new birth of reincarnation:

^ 30.Name of the founder of Buddhism, meaning awakened, enlightened:

31.Name of the founder of Buddhism

Sidhartha

32. The central concept of Buddhism and Jainism, meaning the highest state, the goal of human aspirations:

^ 33. The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting the masculine, bright and active principle:

34. The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting the feminine, dark and passive principle:

^ 35.The idea of ​​a “noble husband” as an ideal person was developed by:

Confucius

36.What do the concepts of Brahman in Vedanta and apeiron in the philosophy of Anaximander mean:

Higher intelligence

37. In the philosophy of Heraclitus, the word Logos means world law, world order, to which everything that exists is subordinated. Which concept of Chinese philosophy has the same meaning:

^ 38.What does the concept of “dharma” mean in traditional Indian philosophy:

An eternal moral law that prescribes from above for everyone a certain way of life.

39.Ancient Indian philosophical texts include

Upanishads

40.Ancient Chinese philosophical texts include

Tao Te Ching

41.In Indian philosophy - the total sum of committed actions and their consequences, which determines the nature of the new birth

42.Chinese philosopher, founder of Taoism

43.The golden rule of morality: “What you don’t wish for yourself, don’t do to others” was first formulated:

Confucius
PHILOSOPHY OF ANCIENT GREECE
44.Chronological framework for the development of ancient philosophy:

VI century BC – VI century AD
^

45.The basic principle of ancient philosophy was:

cosmocentrism

46.The main problem solved by the philosophers of the Milesian school:

problem from the beginning

47. Thesis belonging to the thinker Thales:

"Know Thyself"

48. Thesis belonging to the thinker Thales

"The beginning of all things is water"
^

49. Anaximenes took the first principle of all things

Air

50.The statement: “Number is the essence and meaning of everything that is in the world” belongs to:

Pythagoras
^

SUBJECT OF PHILOSOPHY

1. From Greek the word “philosophy” is translated as:

love of wisdom

2. For the first time he used the word “philosophy” and called himself a “philosopher”:

3. Determine the time of emergence of philosophy:

VII-VI centuries. BC.

4. The fundamentals of being, problems of knowledge, the purpose of man and his position in the world are studied by:

philosophy

5. Worldview form of social consciousness, rationally substantiating the ultimate foundations of existence, including society and law:

philosophy

6. The worldview function of philosophy is that:

philosophy helps a person understand himself, his place in the world

7. Worldview is:

a set of views, assessments, emotions that characterize a person’s attitude to the world and to himself

8. What is the meaning of G. Hegel in the statement that “philosophy is an epoch captured by thought”?

The course of history depends on the direction of thinking of philosophers

9. The defining feature of a religious worldview is:

belief in supernatural, otherworldly forces that have the ability to influence the course of events in the world

11.What is characteristic of the epistemic line in philosophy?

viewing reality as constantly evolving

12. Ontology is:

the doctrine of existence, its fundamental principles

13. Epistemology is:

the doctrine of nature, the essence of knowledge

14. Anthropology is:

doctrine of man

15. Axiology is:

doctrine of values

16. Ethics is:

the doctrine of morality and moral values

17. Section of philosophy in which problems of knowledge are developed

Epistemology

18.According to Marxist philosophy, the essence of the main question of philosophy is:

relation of consciousness to matter

19. Idealism is characterized by the following statement:

consciousness is primary, matter does not exist independently of consciousness

20.Dualism is characterized by the following thesis:

matter and consciousness are two principles that exist independently of each other

21.Who owns this statement: “I assert that there are no things. We're just used to talking about things; in fact, there is only my thinking, there is only my “I” with its inherent sensations. The material world only seems to us, is it just a certain way of talking about our feelings”?

To the subjective idealist

22.What historical type of worldview are we talking about here: “This is a holistic worldview, in which various ideas are linked into a single figurative picture of the world, combining reality and fantasy, the natural and the supernatural, knowledge and faith, thought and emotions”?

23. Some Christian theologians claim that the whole world. The entire Universe was created by God in six days, and God himself is a disembodied intellect, an all-perfect Personality. What philosophical direction does this view of the world correspond to?

Objective idealism

24. A representative would agree with the statement: “Thinking is the same product of brain activity as bile is a product of liver activity”:

vulgar materialism

25. Agnosticism is:

doctrine that denies the knowability of the essence of the objective world

26. Agnosticism is:

direction in the theory of knowledge, which believes that adequate knowledge of the world is impossible

27. They deny the possibility of knowing the world:

agnostics

28. The direction of Western European philosophy, which denies the cognitive value of philosophy, the presence of its own, original subject:

positivism

PHILOSOPHY OF THE ANCIENT EAST

29. The law of retribution in Indian religion and religious philosophy, which determines the nature of the new birth of reincarnation:

30.Name of the founder of Buddhism, meaning awakened, enlightened:

31.Name of the founder of Buddhism

Sidhartha

32. The central concept of Buddhism and Jainism, meaning the highest state, the goal of human aspirations:

33. The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting the masculine, bright and active principle:

34. The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting the feminine, dark and passive principle:

35.The idea of ​​a “noble husband” as an ideal person was developed by:

Confucius

36.What do the concepts of Brahman in Vedanta and apeiron in the philosophy of Anaximander mean:

Higher intelligence

37. In the philosophy of Heraclitus, the word Logos means world law, world order, to which everything that exists is subordinated. Which concept of Chinese philosophy has the same meaning:

38.What does the concept of “dharma” mean in traditional Indian philosophy:

An eternal moral law that prescribes from above for everyone a certain way of life.

39.Ancient Indian philosophical texts include

Upanishads

40.Ancient Chinese philosophical texts include

Tao Te Ching

41.In Indian philosophy - the total sum of committed actions and their consequences, which determines the nature of the new birth

42.Chinese philosopher, founder of Taoism

43.The golden rule of morality: “What you don’t wish for yourself, don’t do to others” was first formulated:

Confucius

PHILOSOPHY OF ANCIENT GREECE

44.Chronological framework for the development of ancient philosophy:

VI century BC – VI century AD

45.The basic principle of ancient philosophy was:

cosmocentrism

46.The main problem solved by the philosophers of the Milesian school:

problem from the beginning

47. Thesis belonging to the thinker Thales:

"Know Thyself"

48. Thesis belonging to the thinker Thales

"The beginning of all things is water"

49. Anaximenes took the first principle of all things

50.The statement: “Number is the essence and meaning of everything that is in the world” belongs to:

Pythagoras

51. Follower of Pythagoras, the first to draw the system of the world and place the Central Fire at the center of the universe

Parmenides

52. For the first time the concept of being was used in philosophy

Parmenides

53. Movement, any change is only an illusion of the sensory world, they argued:

54. Representatives of which philosophical school posed the problem of being, contrasted the world of feelings with the world of reason and argued that movement, any change is only an illusion of the sensory illusory world:

Eleatic

55.What do you think, the hypothetical dispute of which philosophers was depicted by A.S. Pushkin in the poem “Movement”?

Zeno and Heraclitus

56. An ancient philosopher who believed that you cannot enter the same river twice:

Heraclitus

57.Which of the ancient philosophers taught that everything develops, that the first cause of the world and its fundamental principle is fire, that you cannot enter the same river twice?

Heraclitus

58. The concept of “Logos” in the philosophical teachings of Heraclitus means:

Universal law, the action of which everything in the world is subject to

59. For the first time expressed the idea of ​​the atomic structure of matter:

Democritus

60. The statement: “Man is the measure of all things” belongs to:

Protagoras

62.Knowledge according to Socrates is identical:

virtues

63.The essence of Socrates’ “ethical rationalism”:

virtue is the result of knowing what is good, while lack of virtue is the result of ignorance

64.Objective-idealistic philosophy was founded by:

Plato

65. In antiquity, the merit of the discovery of the supersensible world of ideas belongs to:

66. In Plato’s philosophy, how does the idea of ​​a “horse” differ from a real, living, real horse? Please indicate the wrong answer.

The idea is immortal, eternal, the real horse is mortal

67. In Plato’s philosophy, the idea of ​​a “horse” differs from a real, living horse in that:

the idea is material, the real horse is ideal

68. The statement that the soul before the birth of a person was in the world of ideas, therefore in the process of cognition it is able to remember them, belongs to:

69. The source of knowledge is the soul’s recollection of the world of ideas, believed:

70. Philosopher who considered logic the main tool of knowledge:

Aristotle

71. Philosopher, student of Plato:

Aristotle

Aristotle

73.According to Aristotle, the human soul does not include

Mineral soul

74.The essence of the ethical teaching of Epicurus is that:

you need to enjoy life

75.Roman poet, follower of Epicurus, author of the poem “On the Nature of Things”

76.The statement: “It’s not what happens to us that matters, but how we relate to it” corresponds to the worldview:

77.Roman philosopher, teacher of Nero, author of “Letters to Lucillius”, representative of Stoicism

78. The philosopher who lived in a barrel considered himself a “citizen of the world” and called for poverty and ignorance

Diogenes of Sinope

MEDIEVALISM

79.A characteristic feature of medieval philosophy is:

theocentrism

80.Which of the following features is not characteristic of medieval philosophical thought?

81. Theocentrism is a worldview position based on the idea of ​​primacy:

82. Philosophy in the Middle Ages occupied a subordinate position in relation to:

theology

83. The set of religious doctrines and teachings about the essence and action of God:

theology

84.Works of early Christian literature not included in the biblical canon, i.e. recognized by the official church as “false”

Apocrypha

85.Eschatology is

86. Savior, deliverer from troubles, anointed of God

87. Restriction or suppression of sensual desires, voluntary enduring of physical pain, loneliness:

asceticism

88. The ideological principle, according to which the world was created by God out of nothing, is called:

Creationism

89. Teaching about the salvation of the soul

Soteriology

90. The principle according to which God determines the entire course of history and the fate of each person

Creationism

91.The main task of Christian apologists was:

In justifying the advantages of Christianity over paganism

92.The name of the period of creative ministry of the “Church Fathers” ( III - VIII centuries) who laid the foundations of Christian philosophy and theology; in their works in opposition-dialogue with Greco-Roman philosophy, a system of Christian dogma is being formed:

patristics

93. Outstanding representative of patristics, author of the books “Confession”, “About the City of God”

Augustine

94. “Six Days” is a book that set out:

Christian ontology and cosmogony

95.Scholasticism is:

a type of philosophizing characterized by speculativeness and the primacy of logical-epistemological problems

96. Features such as speculativeness, interest in formal-logical problems, subordination to theology are inherent in:

scholasticism

97. Representative of medieval philosophy:

Thomas Aquinas

98. Representative of medieval Western European philosophy:

F. Aquinas

99.The art of interpretation of sacred texts, developed in the Middle Ages

Exegesis

100. The problem of proving the existence of God was one of the central ones for

Thomas Aquinas

RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY

101. The era of restoration of the ideals of antiquity in Europe:

Renaissance

102.The most important feature of the philosophical thought and culture of the Renaissance is:

anthropocentrism

103.A characteristic feature of Renaissance philosophy is:

anthropocentrism

104. In what city was the Platonic Academy revived in the 15th century?

Florence

105. Type of worldview, according to which man is the center and highest goal of the universe:

anthropocentrism

106. The main object of study, the measure of things and relationships in the Renaissance:

107.The secular worldview position of the Renaissance, opposed to scholasticism and the spiritual domination of the church:

humanism

108. The opposition of an individual to society is typical for:

individualism

109.The type of worldview characteristic of the Renaissance, which is based on the opposition of the individual to society:

111.Representative of Renaissance philosophy:

112.The propositions about the infinity of the Universe in time and space, about the identity of God and nature were substantiated by:

Petrarch

114. Renaissance philosophy is characterized by

nostalgia for ancient culture

115. The doctrine developed during the Renaissance, and asserting the identity of God and nature, that “nature is God in things”

Pantheism

EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHY 17-18 centuries.

116. Liberation from church influence

Secularization

117.Philosophical direction that recognizes reason as the basis of human cognition and behavior

Rationalism

118.The basic claim of rationalism is that

The mind plays a priority role in human cognitive activity

119.Features of rationalism XVII V. determined

Mathematics

120.French philosopher, also the creator of algebra and analytical geometry

R. Descartes

121.Dualistic philosophy is characteristic of

R. Descartes

122. On the question of substance, Rene Descartes adhered to

Dualism

123. The statement: “I think, therefore I exist” was expressed by

R. Descartes

124.What does the original thesis of Descartes’ philosophy mean, which in Latin sounds like “ cogito ergo sum »?

if I think, therefore I exist

125. The idea “never accept as true something that I do not clearly know to be true” belongs to:

R.Descartes

126. The main statement of empiricism

All human knowledge is based on experience

127.The direction that considers sensory experience to be the only source of our knowledge about the world

Sensationalism

129.The main method of scientific knowledge, according to F. Bacon, should be

Induction

130. F. Bacon’s division of experiments into “fruitful” and “luminous” corresponds to the division of knowledge into:

Sensual and rational

131.According to Francis Bacon, any knowledge must:

rely on experience and move from the individual to the general

132. Philosopher who believed that a child’s mind is like a blank slate tabula rasa

133. “War of all against all” is a natural state, he believed

134. Adhered to the theory of “social contract”

135. Philosopher who took the so-called “monads” as the basis of existence

G. Leibniz

136. Simple indivisible substance according to Leibniz

137.A representative of subjective idealism is:

J. Berkeley

138. The central philosophical problem of D. Hume

Cognition

139. The central problem in the philosophy of the French Enlightenment

Human

140.The main idea of ​​the philosophy of the French Enlightenment

The priority of reason as the highest authority in solving problems of human society

141. One of the most important ideas of French philosophy of the Enlightenment cannot be considered

The idea of ​​equality of all people

142.The essence of deism is

Reducing the role of God to the creation of matter and the first impulse

143. Representative of the philosophy of the French Enlightenment

J.-J. Rousseau

144. “Man is born to be free, and yet everywhere he is in chains,” asserted

J.-J. Rousseau

145.The cause of inequality in human society is J.-J. Rousseau believed

Own

146.French philosopher, supporter of sensationalism

147.The center of the European Enlightenment in the mid-18th century was

148.The idea of ​​the rule of law includes the provision of

Separation of powers

149.French philosopher who believed in the omnipotence of education and argued that people from birth have equal abilities

GERMAN CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

150.Chronological framework of German classical philosophy

152.The most important philosophical work of Immanuel Kant

"Critique of Practical Reason"

153.The subject of theoretical philosophy according to I. Kant should be research:

laws of reason and its boundaries

154.According to I. Kant, in order for knowledge to be reliable, it must:

to be universal and necessary

155. I. Kant believes that space and time:

there are innate, pre-experimental forms of sensuality

156. In the philosophy of I. Kant, a “thing in itself” is

That which causes sensations in us, but cannot itself be known

157. In the philosophy of I. Kant, antinomies take place where, with the help of human reason, they try to draw conclusions about:

the world of “things in themselves”

you would like them to act towards you

159. The statement: “Act in such a way that the maxim of your will can at the same time become the principle of universal legislation” belongs to

160. According to I. Kant, for the formation of a person as a moral being, it is of fundamental importance

Moral duty

G.W.F.Hegel

162. The philosophy of G. Hegel is characterized by:

panlogism

163. Hegel’s theory of development, which is based on the unity and struggle of opposites, is called:

dialectics

164.Reality, which forms the basis of the world, according to Hegel:

Absolute idea

165. Representative of German classical philosophy:

L. Feuerbach

166. Which of the following thinkers is not a representative of German classical philosophy?

167.The representative of materialism is

L. Feuerbach

168. Divided reality into the “world of things in themselves” and the “world of phenomena”

169.Not a characteristic feature of German classical philosophy

Denial of transcendental, divine existence

170. A thinker who lived his entire life in Koenigsberg and taught at the university there

171.According to Hegel, the true engine of world history is

World Spirit

WESTERN EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHY 19-20 centuries.

172.Philosophical direction that denies or limits the role of reason in knowledge, highlighting will, contemplation, feeling, intuition

Irrationalism

173.Philosophical direction, which claims that the mind only floats on the surface of things, while the essence of the world is revealed to us through intuition, experience, understanding

Philosophy of life

174. Representatives of the “philosophy of life” include

175. Considered will as the main principle of life and knowledge

A. Schopenhauer

176.Arthur Schopenhauer considered substance, the fundamental principle of the world

The will to live

177. The central concept of A. Bergson’s philosophical teaching is the vital impulse (é lan vital ). Its knowledge is possible with the help of:

Friedrich Nietzsche

179. Founder of positivism

Auguste Comte

Marxism

Pragmatism

182.Irrationalistic direction in philosophy XX century

Existentialism

183.The term “existentialism” comes from the French word, which translated into Russian means

Existence

184.The form of being that is the focus of existentialism

Individual human existence

185. The provisions about the absolute freedom of man, his abandonment and loneliness, about the borderline situation that can reveal the true essence of man, were substantiated in philosophy

Existentialism

186.The direction of philosophy in which man is viewed as a self-determining, self-creating being

Existentialism

187. The existentialist view of man corresponds to the statement that

Man is doomed to be free and bear absolute responsibility for his actions.

RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHY

188. The most important features of Russian philosophy cannot be attributed

Pre-systematic, pre-logical character

189.One of the cross-cutting ideas of Russian philosophy is the idea of ​​apokatastasis, the essence of which is

The salvation of all people without exception: both righteous and sinners

190.The characteristic features of Russian philosophy include:

Empiricism

191. Supreme god in Slavic mythology, creator of the Universe, manager of rain and thunderstorms, patron of family and home

192.Old Russian thought is characterized by:

Revaluation of external material existence

193.The pre-philosophy of Kievan Rus is characterized by:

mysticism

194.The date of adoption of Orthodoxy in Rus' is considered

195. The city in which, according to the Tale of Bygone Years, Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich was baptized

196. Kievan Rus took over the “cultural baton” from:

Golden Horde

197.The double-headed eagle was first adopted as the state symbol of Russia

Ivan III in the 15th century

198.The genre of social utopia in ancient Russian literature includes

"A Word on Law and Grace"

199. Sergius of Radonezh was a contemporary

Battle of Kulikovo

200.The famous Russian icon painter is:

Feofan the Greek

"Trinity"

202. “The Sermon on Law and Grace” was written by

203. First substantiated the ideologeme “Moscow – the Third Rome”

204.The initiator of the correction of church books, which was the reason for the schism, was:

Patriarch Nikon

205.The founder of Russian book printing is:

I. Fedorov

206.Spiritual leader of non-possessors

Nil Sorsky

207. They opposed the ownership of land by monasteries; they believed that the accumulation of wealth was contrary to monastic vows

non-acquisitive

208.Code of the feudal way of life, which prescribed how to build a family and run a household, created in Rus' in the 16th century

"Domostroy"

209. Archpriest Avvakum was a spiritual leader

schismatics

210. In “Vertograd the Multicolored” Simeon of Polotsk likens the world

211.One of the first supporters of the idea of ​​Pan-Slavism (unification of all Slavs)

Yuri Krizhanich

212. Companion of Peter the Great, Archbishop of Novgorod, author of the “Spiritual Regulations”

Feofan Prokopovich

213.The Russian Academy of Sciences was founded in

214. A supporter of deistic materialism in Russian philosophy was

M.V. Lomonosov

215.When Moscow University was opened, its three faculties did not include:

physical

216. Freemasonry was brought to Russia from:

217.One of the central ideas of Freemasonry includes:

Improving man through personal and communal self-knowledge

218.According to contemporaries, “he created in us a love of science and a desire to read”

N.I. Novikov

219. Nicknamed “Russian Socrates”

G.S. frying pan

220.According to G.S. Skovoroda, all reality falls into three worlds, of which this is not the case:

society

221.The work “About Man, His Mortality and Immortality,” which is one of the first philosophical and anthropological works in the history of Russian thought, was written

A.N. Radishchev

222.The question of the role and place of Russia in the history of mankind was raised in the “Philosophical Letters”:

P. Chaadaev

223.The first “Philosophical Letter” was published in the magazine

Telescope

224. The main ideas of the “Philosophical Letters” cannot be attributed

Following the Christian commandments as the only path to salvation, to the Kingdom of Heaven

225. Was declared Emperor Nicholas I crazy for his philosophical views

P.Ya. Chaadaev

226.Who owns the following pessimistic lines: “Alone in the world, we gave nothing to the world, took nothing from the world, we did not contribute in any way to the forward movement of the human mind, and we distorted everything that we got from this movement. Since the very first moments of our social existence, nothing suitable for the common good of people has come from us, not a single useful thought has sprouted in the barren soil of our homeland, not a single great truth has been brought forward from our midst”?

P.Ya. Chaadaev

227.The main idea of ​​Westernism is

Russia must develop along the European path

228.Spiritual leader of Westerners

A.I. Herzen

229.The ideology of the party is closest to the views of the “Westerners”

Union of Right Forces

230. The central idea of ​​philosophy I.V. Kireevsky

Integrity of spiritual life

231.The ideological head of the Slavophiles was

A.S. Khomyakov

232.The representative of Slavophilism was

I.S. Kireyevsky

233.The belief that the salvation of the West lies in the adoption of Orthodoxy is closest to the worldview:

Slavophiles

234. Belief in the moral purity of the Russian peasantry is characteristic of:

Slavophiles

The term “conciliarity” in Slavophil philosophy means

Free unity of people in Christ

A true hymn to freedom can be recognized

“The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor” by F.M. Dostoevsky

The words “beauty will save the world” belong to

F.M. Dostoevsky

The meaning of Dostoevsky's parable about the “tear of a child” from the novel “The Brothers Karamazov” is that

World harmony is not worth even one human life

F.M. Dostoevsky

Philosophical doctrine founded by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

Ethics of nonviolence

The main moral rule from the point of view of L.N. Tolstoy

Don't resist evil

The country where Vladimir Solovyov for the third time met with the vision of Sophia as an image of eternal femininity and the wisdom of God

Vladimir Solovyov

244.Concept…. characteristic of Vl. S. Solovyova.

Unity

One of the main ideas of the philosophy of unity

Inadmissibility of any forms of violence in public and state life

The highest, most perfect form of love, according to V.S. Solovyov, is

Love between a man and a woman

Domestic thinker who first created a comprehensive philosophical system based on Christian humanism

V.S. Soloviev

Russian thinker, who in his work “Names” argued that there is a deep connection between a name and its bearer

P.A. Florensky

One of the main works of S.N. Bulgakov

"Non-evening light"

Representative of Russian Marxism

G.V. Plekhanov

IN AND. Lenin developed the doctrine of Russia as

The weak link in the chain of imperialism

The founder of Russian cosmism is considered

Nikolay Fedorov

253. Representatives of “Russian cosmism” are:

K. Tsiolkovsky, V. Vernadsky

According to N.F. Fedorov, the highest moral duty of earthlings, the central task of all people is to

Eliminating suffering on earth

Synthesis of philosophical and scientific teachings, united by the idea of ​​the relationship between man and nature, humanity and the Universe

One of the basic rules of “cosmic ethics” by K.E. Tsiolkovsky

Kill the sufferer

The basic concept of epistemology V.I. Vernadsky

Empirical generalization

The noosphere is

Sphere of the Mind

Founder of space ecology and heliobiology

A.L. Chizhevsky

Russian philosopher, who wrote in the book “Self-Knowledge”: “The originality of my philosophical type lies primarily in the fact that I laid the foundation of philosophy not being, but freedom.”

Nikolay Berdyaev

The Russian thinker... in his work “Self-Knowledge” stated that he laid the foundation of philosophy not on being, but on freedom.

ON THE. Berdyaev

The reason, the primary source of evil in the world according to N.A. Berdyaev

Government

The dualism of spirit and matter, God and nature is characteristic of philosophy

ON THE. Berdyaev

According to L. Shestov, a person can achieve the impossible only thanks to

Faith in God

According to L. Shestov, the main enemies of man in the “struggle for the impossible” are

Reason and Morality

ONTOLOGY

266. The basis of being, existing in itself independently of anything else,

Substance

267. The equality of the material and spiritual principles of existence proclaims

268. The existence of many initial foundations and principles of being is affirmed

Pluralism

269. Statement corresponding to the metaphysical understanding of matter

Matter is eternal, uncreated and indestructible

270.The atomic hypothesis of the structure of matter was first put forward by:

Democritus

271.Matter is the primary source of being, states

Materialism

273.In Marxism, matter is interpreted as

Substance

274.Which of the following does not apply to the attributes of matter?

Stability

275. Ideal phenomena include

276. An integral essential property of a thing, phenomenon, object is called

Attribute

277. Method of existence of matter

Movement

278. Does not apply to the attributes of matter

279. The highest form of motion of matter is

Social movement

280.The essence of the cosmogonic hypothesis of the “Big Bang” is the assumption that

The universe came into being as a result of the explosion of a microscopic particle

281. The sequence of states reflects the category

282. Form of existence of matter, expressing its extension, structure, coexistence and interaction of elements in all material systems

Space

Defended the substantial concept of space and time

The essence of the relational concept of space and time is that

Space and time depend on material processes

Which concept of time does not allow the possibility of creating a “time machine”?

Dynamic

The most important specific property of biological time

Anthropicity

The most important specific property of biological space

Uniformity

The totality of natural conditions for the existence of man and society

Which of the following pairs of adjectives is not used in the philosophical analysis of nature?

pristine and man-made

Which of the named scientists-philosophers first established that solar activity affects people’s well-being?

Chizhevsky

PHILOSOPHY OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Reflection is (choose the most complete and accurate definition)

The property of matter to imprint the characteristics of objects affecting it

Sensations, perceptions, concepts, thinking are included in the structure:

consciousness

Reflection is:

reflection of a person about himself

The most complex form of reflection is

Consciousness

The ability of living organisms to navigate the external world and manage their activities

Consciousness

The thinker whose name is usually associated with the discovery of the sphere of the unconscious in the human psyche

Method developed by S. Freud

Psychoanalysis

Does not belong to the main methods of studying the unconscious in psychoanalysis

Belief Analysis

In the personality structure, S. Freud identifies

It, Super-I, I

300. One of the authorities that Sigmund Freud identified in the structure of personality

301. Sigmund Freud identified three levels in the structure of the mental apparatus. Among the authorities listed below, indicate the extra one, i.e. one that Freud did not single out.

In Freud's psychoanalysis it refers to:

sphere of the unconscious

A dream according to S. Freud is:

symbolic

A thinker who believed that man is driven primarily by sexual instincts

According to Carl Rogers, the self-concept consists of four main elements. Which of the following is not one of them?

I am a mirror

EPISTEMOLOGY

306. Epistemology considers

Limits and possibilities of human knowledge

307. Reliable knowledge about the world is impossible, says

Skepticism

308. Carrier of deliberate, purposeful activity

309.The cognitive attitude consists of three main aspects (elements). Indicate which of the indicated sides is the odd one here?

The purpose of knowledge

310.Does not belong to the types of means of cognition

Technical

311. Absoluteness, relativity, specificity, objectivity are the main properties

Spaces

312. Consistency refers to the next scientific criterion

Logical

313.If the empirical consequences predicted by theory are not found in practice, then they talk about

Approbation of knowledge

314.It is impossible to falsify:

existence of God

315. The hypothesis about:

existence of life on Mars

316.Coherence is

Self-consistency of knowledge

317. Heuristic refers to

Probabilistic criteria of scientific character

318.Knowledge corresponding to reality, adequately reflecting reality

319.Criterion of truth in Marxist philosophy

Practice

320.According to the pragmatic concept of truth, truth is

What is useful, what helps us solve problems successfully

321.The ability to comprehend truth by directly observing it without resorting to logical arguments

Intuition

322. In the modern theory of knowledge, the rethinking of the knowing subject follows the path

Abstractions from a person’s personal qualities

DIALECTICS

323.Dialectics is

The doctrine of development and universal interconnections

324.Philosophical doctrine of the development of being and knowledge, based on the resolution of contradictions

Dialectics

325.Name the philosopher who is considered the founder of ancient dialectics

Heraclitus

326. Hegel’s theory of development, which is based on the unity and struggle of opposites

Dialectics

327.Dialectical materialism - doctrine

Marxism

328.Dialectics differs from metaphysics

Understanding development

329.Metaphysics is

The view according to which the world or a separate part of it is considered unchanging, qualitatively constant

330. The most general fundamental concepts

331. Philosophical principle stating that all phenomena are connected to each other by causal connections and condition each other

The principle of unity and struggle of opposites

332.An essential, necessary, repeating, stable connection between phenomena is called

333. First formulated the laws of dialectics

G.V.F. Hegel

334. One of the basic principles of dialectics

Development principle

335.Not a law of dialectics

The Law of the Intertwining of Causes and Effects

336. Dialectical source of self-movement and development of nature, society and knowledge

Contradiction

337.The key point of the dialectical concept is the principle

Controversies

338. The law of dialectics, answering the question about the source of development

The law of unity and struggle of opposites

339. The law of dialectics, revealing the source of self-motion and development of the objective world and knowledge,

Unity and struggle of opposites

340. The law of dialectics, revealing the most general mechanism of development

Transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones

341. The law of dialectics, characterizing the direction, form and result of the development process

Negations of negations

Development

343. The totality of essential necessary properties of a thing constitute it:

Quality

344. The internal content of an object in the unity of all its properties and relationships is expressed by the category

Entities

345.Theory of self-organization of complex systems

Synergetics

NATURE OF SCIENCE, FORMS AND METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

346.Theory scientific cognition is called

Epistemology

347. Which of the following is not one of the main features of scientific knowledge?

irrefutability

348.According to its functional purpose and research purposes, knowledge is divided into

Fundamental and applied

349. One of the founders of the philosophy of technology

P. Engelmeyer

350.The Greek word "techne" originally meant

art, craftsmanship

351. Sensory cognition differs from rational cognition in that

The first is based on sensations, the second - on reason.

352. The original, simplest form of sensory knowledge

Feeling

353.Form of rational knowledge:

354. Thought that identifies and generalizes objects based on an indication of their essential and necessary properties

355.A statement in which something is affirmed or denied

Refutation

356. Form of thinking, which reflects the presence of a connection between an object and its attribute, between objects, as well as the fact of the existence of an object

Judgment

357.Form of empirical knowledge

Hypothesis

358. Statement based on the combination of many related facts

Empirical generalization

359. Scientific assumption, assumption that needs additional justification

Hypothesis

360. The highest form of organization of scientific knowledge, giving a holistic idea of ​​the patterns and essential connections of a certain area of ​​reality

361.The most important functions of scientific theory include

Systematizing

362.Scientific hypothesis refers to

Conceptual means of cognition

363. This definition: “The study of an object under controlled or artificially created conditions” refers to:

experiment

364. Intentional, purposeful perception of an object, phenomenon in order to study its properties, characteristics of its course and behavior

Observation

365. Study of an object in controlled or artificially created conditions

Experiment

366. Making a general conclusion based on generalization of particular premises

Induction

367.Logical deduction of particular consequences from the general position

Induction

368. The process of transition from general premises to conclusions about particular cases

Deduction

369. Mental or real decomposition of an object into its component elements

370. The procedure for mentally dividing a whole into parts

371.Combining the elements of the object being studied, highlighted in the analysis, into a single whole

372.Method not used in scientific and technical knowledge

Hermeneutic

373.The approximate calculation method is most widely used in

Mathematical Sciences

374.Identification of cause-and-effect relationships, subsuming individual phenomena under a general law is characteristic of

Explanations

375.According to T. Kuhn, “a scientific achievement recognized by all, which over a period of time provides the scientific community with a model for posing problems and solving them”

Paradigm

377.For the first time he defined man as a “social animal” ( zoon politikon )

Aristotle

378. The thought: “Man is the measure of all things” belongs

Protagoras

379. “This is social in nature, relatively stable and occurring throughout life, a psychological formation that represents a system of socially significant human traits.”

Personality

380.Personality is

Since the concept of “personality” is inseparable from the concept of “society” - every person is a potential personality

381.Personality is:

one is not born as a person, one becomes a person

382.Personality is:

product of social relations

383. A set of unique traits that distinguish a given individual from all others

Individuality

384. The highest ability of the subject, which directs the activity of the mind

385.Individual consciousness is

Reflection of the individual existence of a specific person

386. The priority of individuals over the social whole is affirmed

Individualism

387. The priority of the interests of society over the interests of the individual is characteristic of

Collectivism

388. The essence of the problem of the biological and social in man lies in the question

On the interaction and correlation of genes and upbringing

389. A negative attitude towards earthly life, viewing it as a continuous series of sufferings is characteristic of

Buddhism

390.For which of the following thinkers was the problem of the meaning of life not central?

I. Lakatos

391.The problem of the meaning of life was central to philosophy

V. Frankl

392.Who owns the following statements: “There is meaning for everyone and for everyone there is its own special meaning”, “Meaning cannot be created artificially, it can only be found”, “Our conscience guides us in the search for meaning”?

V. Frankl

393.Who do you think the following lines may belong to: “Any attempt to once again raise the spirit of the people in the concentration camp assumed that we would be able to direct them to some goal in the future. The one who could no longer believe in the future, in his own future, was lost. Along with the future, he also lost his spiritual core, broke internally and degraded both physically and mentally... However, the courage to live or, accordingly, fatigue from life turned out to depend each time solely on whether a person had faith in the meaning of life, his life. The motto of all psychotherapeutic work in a concentration camp could be the words of Nietzsche: “Whoever has For what live, can endure almost anything How »?

V. Frankl

394.What type of love does this description refer to: “This is a tender and soft feeling, selfless love-self-giving, embodied in the love of a mother for her child or in Christian love for her neighbor”?

395.Who do you think the following statement belongs to: “The idea of ​​romantic love, according to which only one person in the world can be the object of true love and that the main task is to find this particular person, is erroneous. It is also not true that love for him, even if you are lucky enough to meet such a person, will result in a rejection of love for others. Love, which can be experienced in relation to only one person, this very fact shows that this is not love, but a symbiotic relationship.”

E. Fromm

396. Hedonistic love is a game that is not distinguished by the depth of feelings and manifests itself in the forms of flirting, coquetry, etc. (in ancient Greek culture)

397.The ethical meaning of the problem of euthanasia lies in the question

Does a person have the right to commit suicide?

398. “Everything in the world is predetermined, man is absolutely not free,” representatives say:

fatalism

399.According to… “everything in the world is predetermined, man is absolutely unfree”

Fatalism

400.The most ancient human ancestor (according to modern science)

Australopithecus

401.According to modern science Homo sapiens appeared on earth

100-150 thousand years ago

402.According to modern science, Australopithecus did not have

Articulate speech

403. Anthropoids are

Great apes

SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY

404.The philosophical direction has absolute the laws of mechanics in relation to social philosophy:

French materialism of the 18th century

405.Philosophical direction that absolutizes the laws of mechanics in relation to social philosophy

French materialism of the 18th century

406.Founder of sociology as a positive science

407.Karl Marx's main work:

"Capital"

408. Identified socio-economic class as the main element of the social structure of society

409. The concept of socio-economic formation belongs to

Marxism

410. Socio-economic formation is

A society with its inherent economic basis and a political-legal superstructure rising above it

411.There are... socio-economic formations

412.According to the sociology of Marxism, the main driving force for the development of society is

Class struggle

413. Philosopher who understood social progress as the development and change of socio-economic formations

414. Determining relationships between people, in Marxist philosophy

Production

415. A class capable of reorganizing society, according to K. Marx

Proletariat

416.In Marxism, the main factor in the development of society is considered

Method of production of material goods

417.Does not apply to the main types of social production:

Production of spiritual values

418.Eschatology is:

The doctrine of the ultimate destinies of the world and man

419.According to G. Hegel, the true engine of history

World Spirit

420.The essence of naturalism as an approach to explaining social life is the proposition that:

Social life depends significantly on natural factors

421.Factor which, according to social Darwinism, is the main driving force in the development of society

Class struggle

422. Anthroposociogenesis is

The process of formation of a planetary civilization on the basis of reason

423.According to Marxism, the main factor of anthropogenesis is

424. Gradual changes in society and nature

Evolution

425.Movement in the direction from more perfect to less perfect

426. Social progress is

The progressive movement of society from simple forms to more complex ones

427.Deep qualitative changes in the development of any phenomena of nature, society or knowledge, occurring in a relatively short period of time

Movement

427.There are five main types of social communities. Please note which of the six types of communities listed below is incorrectly named here?

State

428. Social consciousness is

The sum of many individual consciousnesses

429.Which of the following is not a form of social consciousness?

430.What is produced within the spiritual sphere of society? Give the most complete and accurate answer.

Information and spiritual meanings

431.Ideology is

The totality of individual consciousnesses

432.Ideology refers to

Social sphere

433. The totality of public feelings, emotions, moods

Social consciousness

434. Does not relate to the most important dimensions of spirituality

Pluralism

435.Interest is

Specific, conscious need

436. Interest in painting is a concretization

Aesthetic needs

437. The phenomenon to which this definition refers: “The totality of material and spiritual values, as well as methods of their creation, transmission from one generation to another”

culture

438.The most important functions of culture cannot be considered

Adaptive (protective) function

439.Not a problem studied by the philosophy of history

The problem of the structure (structure) of society

440.The formational approach to the problem of the historical development of society states that:

World history is one, each society successively goes through a number of stages in its development, the same for all societies

441.I adhered to a formational approach to the analysis of social development

A. Toynbee

442.There is no single history of humanity, there is only the history of local civilizations according to:

civilizational approach

443.According to... the approach, there is no single history of mankind, there is only the history of local cultures

Cultural

444.According to Spengler, civilization is

Synonym for spiritual culture

445.Problems of war and peace, demographic and environmental in the modern world, are called ... problems.

Global

446.Global problems are

Problems on the solution of which the survival of all humanity depends

447.Which of the following problems is not a global one?

The problem of combating international terrorism

448.Growing interdependence of different regions of the world

Globalization

449.In modern Russia

Mortality significantly exceeds birth rate

1. Philosophy, the range of its problems and its role in society. Historical types of worldview - 28

2. Philosophy of the Ancient East. - 10

3. Ancient philosophy. - 33

4. Philosophy of the Middle Ages – 20

5. Philosophy of the Renaissance. - 12

6. Philosophy of New Time and Enlightenment. - thirty

7. German classical philosophy. - 18

8. Modern Western philosophy. - 16

9. Stages of development and characteristic features of Russian philosophy. - 78

10. Philosophical understanding of the world. Ontology. - 25

11. Philosophy of consciousness (psychoanalysis). - 15

12. Cognition as a subject of philosophical analysis. - 17

13. Dialectics.- 22

14. Science, methods and forms of scientific knowledge. - thirty

15. Philosophy about the essence and purpose of man. Anthropology. - 28

16. Social philosophy - 47

Total questions : 429 questions.

love of wisdom

2. For the first time he used the word “philosophy” and called himself a “philosopher”:

3. Determine the time of emergence of philosophy:

VII-VI centuries. BC.

4. The fundamentals of being, problems of knowledge, the purpose of man and his position in the world are studied by:

philosophy

5. Worldview form of social consciousness, rationally substantiating the ultimate foundations of existence, including society and law:

philosophy

6. The worldview function of philosophy is that:

philosophy helps a person understand himself, his place in the world

7. Worldview is:

a set of views, assessments, emotions that characterize a person’s attitude to the world and to himself

8. What is the meaning of G. Hegel in the statement that “philosophy is an epoch captured by thought”?

The course of history depends on the direction of thinking of philosophers

9. The defining feature of a religious worldview is:

belief in supernatural, otherworldly forces that have the ability to influence the course of events in the world

11.What is characteristic of the epistemic line in philosophy?

viewing reality as constantly evolving

12. Ontology is:

the doctrine of existence, its fundamental principles

13. Epistemology is:

the doctrine of nature, the essence of knowledge

14. Anthropology is:

doctrine of man

15. Axiology is:

doctrine of values

16. Ethics is:

the doctrine of morality and moral values

17. Section of philosophy in which problems of knowledge are developed

Epistemology

18.According to Marxist philosophy, the essence of the main question of philosophy is:

relation of consciousness to matter

19. Idealism is characterized by the following statement:

consciousness is primary, matter does not exist independently of consciousness

20.Dualism is characterized by the following thesis:

matter and consciousness are two principles that exist independently of each other

21.Who owns this statement: “I assert that there are no things. We're just used to talking about things; in fact, there is only my thinking, there is only my “I” with its inherent sensations. The material world only seems to us, is it just a certain way of talking about our feelings”?

To the subjective idealist

22.What historical type of worldview are we talking about here: “This is a holistic worldview, in which various ideas are linked into a single figurative picture of the world, combining reality and fantasy, the natural and the supernatural, knowledge and faith, thought and emotions”?

23. Some Christian theologians claim that the whole world. The entire Universe was created by God in six days, and God himself is a disembodied intellect, an all-perfect Personality. What philosophical direction does this view of the world correspond to?

Objective idealism

24. A representative would agree with the statement: “Thinking is the same product of brain activity as bile is a product of liver activity”:

vulgar materialism

25. Agnosticism is:

doctrine that denies the knowability of the essence of the objective world

26. Agnosticism is:

direction in the theory of knowledge, which believes that adequate knowledge of the world is impossible

27. They deny the possibility of knowing the world:

agnostics

28. The direction of Western European philosophy, which denies the cognitive value of philosophy, the presence of its own, original subject:

positivism

PHILOSOPHY OF THE ANCIENT EAST

29. The law of retribution in Indian religion and religious philosophy, which determines the nature of the new birth of reincarnation:

30.Name of the founder of Buddhism, meaning awakened, enlightened:

31.Name of the founder of Buddhism

Sidhartha

32. The central concept of Buddhism and Jainism, meaning the highest state, the goal of human aspirations:

33. The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting the masculine, bright and active principle:

34. The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting the feminine, dark and passive principle:

35.The idea of ​​a “noble husband” as an ideal person was developed by:

Confucius

36.What do the concepts of Brahman in Vedanta and apeiron in the philosophy of Anaximander mean:

Higher intelligence

37. In the philosophy of Heraclitus, the word Logos means world law, world order, to which everything that exists is subordinated. Which concept of Chinese philosophy has the same meaning:

38.What does the concept of “dharma” mean in traditional Indian philosophy:

An eternal moral law that prescribes from above for everyone a certain way of life.

39.Ancient Indian philosophical texts include

Upanishads

40.Ancient Chinese philosophical texts include

Tao Te Ching

41.In Indian philosophy - the total sum of committed actions and their consequences, which determines the nature of the new birth

42.Chinese philosopher, founder of Taoism

43.The golden rule of morality: “What you don’t wish for yourself, don’t do to others” was first formulated:

Confucius

PHILOSOPHY OF ANCIENT GREECE